Variant anatomy of non-recurrent laryngeal nerve: when and how should it be taught in surgical residency?

Introduction: While the performance of a thyroidectomy is generally associated with a low risk of injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), the presence of a non-recurrent nerve (NRLN) increases the risk of this complication. Generally, the intraoperative detection via visual appreciation of variant anatomy of the RLN has been regarded as poor, possibly due to a lack of knowledge of both the normal and aberrant anatomy of the RLN.

Materials And Methods: Articles for the review were searched through PubMed using the search terms and their combinations: "non-recurrent laryngeal nerve," "thyroidectomy," "injury," "palsy," "variant anatomy," and "residency," from January 1, 2000, to December 2022.

Epidermal Cyst in the Breast: A Diagnostic Dilemma.

Epidermal cyst [10] and panniculitis are relatively uncommon conditions [2]. A combination of these arising in the breast is extremely rare. We report a case of epidermal cyst with panniculitis in the breast.

Interleukin-6-mediated signaling in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells.

The pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β/α modulate catecholamine secretion, and long-term gene regulation, in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Since interleukin-6 (IL6) also plays a key integrative role during inflammation, we have examined its ability to affect both tyrosine hydroxylase activity and adrenomedullary gene transcription in cultured bovine chromaffin cells. IL6 caused acute tyrosine/threonine phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and serine/tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3).

Reduced Bone Density and Cortical Bone Indices in Female Adiponectin-Knockout Mice.

A positive association between fat and bone mass is maintained through a network of signaling molecules. Clinical studies found that the circulating levels of adiponectin, a peptide secreted from adipocytes, are inversely related to visceral fat mass and bone mineral density, and it has been suggested that adiponectin contributes to the coupling between fat and bone. Our study tested the hypothesis that adiponectin affects bone tissue by comparing the bone phenotype of wild-type and adiponectin-knockout (APN-KO) female mice between the ages of 8-37 weeks.

Computer modelling integrated with micro-CT and material testing provides additional insight to evaluate bone treatments: Application to a beta-glycan derived whey protein mice model.

The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a whey protein diet on computationally predicted mechanical strength of murine bones in both trabecular and cortical regions of the femur. There was no significant influence on mechanical strength in cortical bone observed with increasing whey protein treatment, consistent with cortical tissue mineral density (TMD) and bone volume changes observed. Trabecular bone showed a significant decline in strength with increasing whey protein treatment when nanoindentation derived Young׳s moduli were used in the model.