Prenatal cocaine exposure and childhood psychopathology: a developmental analysis.

A rising number of children exposed to cocaine in utero are substantially vulnerable to mortality and morbidity expressed in a variety of physical, cognitive, emotional, motor, and social problems. Research on developmental outcomes in such children is reviewed and the interaction of prenatal and postnatal environmental factors, with a focus on the parent-child-environment transactional system, is discussed. Related societal and treatment issues are highlighted.

Biotransformation of nifedipine in rat and dog.

Following oral and/or intraduodenal administration, the biotransformation of 14C-labelled nifedipine (dimethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-pyridine-3, 5-dicarboxylate, Bay a 1040, Adalat, CAS 21829-25-4) has been reinvestigated in rats and dogs (dose: 5 mg/kg body weight in both species) to complete the metabolic data. Thirteen metabolites were isolated from the perfusate and bile of the isolated perfused rat liver model. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods (FAB-MS, combined GC/MS, NMR).

Biotransformation of nitrendipine in rat, dog, and mouse.

14C-Labelled Nitrendipine (Bay e 5009; Baypress, Bayotensin; CAS 39562-70-4) was administered by the oral and intraduodenal route to rats, dogs, and mice (oral dosing only) to elucidate the biotransformation pathways in these three species. The drug was extensively metabolized: 20 biotransformation products were identified by comparison with synthetic reference compounds using two-dimensional TLC, HPLC, GC/radio-GC, combined GC/MS (EI-, CI-mode), FAB-MS, and 1H-NMR-spectroscopy. The metabolites identified accounted for approx.

Biotransformation of nimodipine in rat, dog, and monkey.

14C-labelled (+/-) 3-isopropyl5-(2-methoxyethyl)1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4- (3-nitrophenyl)-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (nimodipine, Bay e 9736, Nimotop; CAS 66085-59-4) was administered orally to rat, dog, and monkey (each 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) and intraduodenally to rat (5 mg/kg). Urine was collected over a period of 24 h (bile 6 h). Dog bile was obtained from the gall bladder 4 h after oral dosing.

Metabolic fate of rioprostil in the rat--in vivo and in liver perfusion.

The metabolic fate of rioprostil is investigated in the rat--in vivo and in liver perfusions--using the tritriated drug. Seven metabolites are isolated from the perfusion model and identified by 1H-NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (EI/CI/FAB) and combined GC-MS (EI/CI). Rioprostil is extensively metabolized.