Utilization of recombinant adenovirus and dominant negative mutants to characterize hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-regulated apolipoprotein AI and CIII expression.

Using recombinant adenoviral vectors and a dominant negative mutant of HNF-4, we have examined the contribution of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4) to endogenous apolipoprotein AI and CIII mRNA expression. Overexpression of HNF-4 leads to a 7.4-fold increase in apolipoprotein CIII expression, while infection with the dominant negative mutant of HNF-4 reduces the level of apolipoprotein CIII mRNA by 80%, demonstrating that endogenous HNF-4 is necessary for apolipoprotein CIII expression.

Definition of the critical cellular components which distinguish between hormone and antihormone activated progesterone receptor.

The steroid hormone progesterone is a key modulator of the cellular processes associated with the maintenance and development of female reproductive function. The biological activity of this hormone is mediated by specific nuclear receptors located in target cell nuclei which upon activation are capable of modulating the transcriptional activity of promoters containing progesterone response elements. Abnormalities in the progesterone receptor (PR) signal transduction pathway are implicated in pathological states such as breast cancer, endometriosis, and uterine fibroids.

Human estrogen receptor transactivational capacity is determined by both cellular and promoter context and mediated by two functionally distinct intramolecular regions.

We have used a series of human estrogen receptor (ER) mutants to evaluate the cell- and promoter-specific transcriptional activities of the TAF1 and TAF2 transactivation regions within the human ER. We show that the manifestation of TAF1 or TAF2 function depends strongly upon promoter context; on certain promoters, both the TAF1 and TAF2 activators are required for wild-type transcriptional activity, whereas on other promoters, the TAF1 and TAF2 activators function independently. Using these constructs, we show that the antagonist activity of the triphenylethylene-derived antiestrogens, e.

The mechanism of action of steroid hormones: a new twist to an old tale.

Steroid hormones, vitamins, and thyroid hormone are potent chemical messengers that exert dramatic effects on cell differentiation, homeostasis, and morphogenesis. These molecules, though diverse in structure, share a mechanistically similar mode of action. The effector molecules diffuse across cellular membranes and bind to specific high affinity receptors in the target cell nuclei.

Positive regulation of the vitamin D receptor by its cognate ligand in heterologous expression systems.

Hormonal vitamin D3 is a major regulator of calcium metabolism and is involved in basic cellular processes, such as those of proliferation and differentiation. These actions are mediated via an intracellular vitamin D3 receptor (VDR), which is a member of the evergrowing steroid hormone receptor superfamily. The interaction between the vitamin D3 ligand and its receptor is thought to be through a classic steroid hormone mechanism.