The Right Ventricular Moderator Band: From Leonardo da Vinci's Drawings to Current Cardiac Imaging.

Anatomy: We aim to review the anatomy of the moderator band (MB) and the trabeculated right ventricle (RV).

Pathology: We thoroughly describe the morphological variations of the MB and its spatial relationship with the right ventricular anterior papillary muscle, its muscular trabeculations, and the free wall.

Imaging Correlation: We provide echocardiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging to better understand histologic specimens of the MB, the trabeculated RV, and the right ventricular papillary muscles.

Revisiting the Atrioventricular Conduction Axis for the 21st Century.

In this review, we summarise the ongoing debate surrounding the anatomy of the atrioventricular conduction axis and its relevance to pacing. We highlight previous disagreements and emphasise the importance of understanding the anatomical location of the axis. We give credit and support to the initial descriptions by His and Tawara, in particular their attention to the relationship of the atrioventricular conduction axis with the membranous septum.

Physiological Pacing for the Prevention and Treatment of Heart Failure: a State-of-the-Art Review.

Permanent pacing from the right ventricular apex can reduce quality of life and increase the risk of heart failure and death. This review summarizes the milestones in the evolution of pacemakers toward physiological pacing with biventricular pacing systems and lead implantation into the cardiac conduction system to synchronize cardiac contraction and relaxation. Both approaches aim to reproduce normal cardiac activation and help to prevent and treat heart failure.