Evolution of the iodine cycle and the late stabilization of the Earth's ozone layer.

The origin of complex life and the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems are fundamental aspects of the natural history on Earth. Here, we present evidence for a protracted stabilization of the Earth's ozone layer. The destruction of atmospheric ozone today is inherently linked to the cycling of marine and atmospheric iodine.

Uncovering the Ediacaran phosphorus cycle.

Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient that is thought to control oceanic oxygen levels to a large extent. A possible increase in marine phosphorus concentrations during the Ediacaran Period (about 635-539 million years ago) has been proposed as a driver for increasing oxygen levels. However, little is known about the nature and evolution of phosphorus cycling during this time.

Shifting consumer behavior to address climate change.

We review recent articles on how to change consumer behavior in ways that improve climate impacts, with a special focus on those articles using experimental interventions and measuring actual behaviors. We organize the findings using the SHIFT framework to categorize behavior change strategies based on five psychological factors: Social influence (e.g.

Constraining oceanic oxygenation during the Shuram excursion in South China using thallium isotopes.

Ediacaran sediments record an unusual global carbon cycle perturbation that has been linked to widespread oceanic oxygenation, the Shuram negative C isotope excursion (NCIE). However, proxy-based estimates of global ocean redox conditions during this event have been limited largely due to proxy specificity (e.g.

The Sign Effect in Past and Future Discounting.

We compared the extent to which people discounted positive and negative events in the future and in the past. We found that the tendency to discount gains more than losses (i.e.