Targeting the Leloir Pathway with Galactose-Based Antimetabolites in Glioblastoma.

Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) uses Glut3 and/or Glut14 and the Leloir pathway to catabolize D-Galactose (Gal). UDP-4-deoxy-4-fluorogalactose (UDP-4DFG) is a potent inhibitor of the two key enzymes, UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE) and UDP-Glucose 6-dehydrogenase (UGDH), involved in Gal metabolism and in glycan synthesis. The Gal antimetabolite 4-deoxy-4-fluorogalactose (4DFG) is a good substrate for Glut3/Glut14 and acts as a potent glioma chemotherapeutic.

Advances in gene therapy for high-grade glioma: a review of the clinical evidence.

Introduction: High-grade glioma (HGG) is one of the most deadly and difficult cancers to treat. Despite intense research efforts, there has not been a significant breakthrough in treatment outcomes since the early 2000's. Anti-glioma gene therapy has demonstrated promise in preclinical studies and is under investigation in numerous clinical trials.

Visual Function Measurements in Eyes With Diabetic Retinopathy: An Expert Opinion on Available Measures.

Clinical Relevance: Visual function impairment from diabetic retinopathy can have a considerable impact on patient's quality of life. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) is most commonly used to assess visual function and guide clinical trials. However, BCVA is affected late in the disease process, is not affected in early disease, and does not capture some of the visual disturbances described by patients with diabetes.