Beyond the building blocks: integrating community roles into health systems frameworks to achieve health for all.

Achieving ambitious health goals-from the Every Woman Every Child strategy to the health targets of the sustainable development goals to the renewed promise of Alma-Ata of 'health for all'-necessitates strong, functional and inclusive health systems. Improving and sustaining community health is integral to overall health systems strengthening efforts. However, while health systems and community health are conceptually and operationally related, the guidance informing health systems policymakers and financiers-particularly the well-known WHO 'building blocks' framework-only indirectly addresses the foundational elements necessary for effective community health.

Institutionalizing community-focused maternal, newborn, and child health strategies to strengthen health systems: A new framework for the Sustainable Development Goal era.

Background: Stronger health systems, with an emphasis on community-based primary health care, are required to help accelerate the pace of ending preventable maternal and child deaths as well as contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The success of the SDGs will require unprecedented coordination across sectors, including partnerships between public, private, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). To date, little attention has been paid to the distinct ways in which NGOs (both international and local) can partner with existing national government health systems to institutionalize community health strategies.

On the pulmonary toxicity of oxygen. 5. Electronic structure and the paramagnetic property of oxygen.

Oxygen uptake by the pulmonary circulation is a chemical reaction. The physicochemical attributes of oxygen are critical when studying pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Extent of lung injury depends on the percentage of oxygen in an oxygen-nitrogen mix in polybaric circumstances (Shanklin, 1969).

On the pulmonary toxicity of oxygen. 4. The thyroid arena.

Normally developed thyroid function is critical to the transition from fetal to neonatal life with the onset of independent thermoregulation, the most conspicuous of the many ways in which thyroid secretions act throughout the body. A role for thyroid secretions in growth and maturation of the lungs as part of the preparation for the onset of breathing has been recognized for some time but how this contributes to tissue and cell processes and defenses under the duress of respiratory distress has not been well examined. Extensive archival autopsy material was searched for thyroid and adrenal weights, first by gestational age, and then for changes during the first hours after birth as ratios to body weight.

On the pulmonary toxicity of oxygen: III. The induction of oxygen dependency by oxygen use.

Oxygen is central to the development of neonatal lung injury. The increase in oxygen exposure of the neonatal lung during the onset of extrauterine air breathing is an order of magnitude, from a range of 10-12 to 110-120Torr. The contributions of oxygen and the volume and pressure relationships of ventilatory support to lung injury are not easily distinguished in the clinical setting.