Exploring Higher-Order Conceptual Learning in an Arthropod with a Large Multisensory Processing Center.

Comparative cognition aims to understand the evolutionary history and current function of cognitive abilities in a variety of species with diverse natural histories. One characteristic often attributed to higher cognitive abilities is higher-order conceptual learning, such as the ability to learn concepts independent of stimuli-e.g.

Analyzing (Re)Capping of mRNA Using Transcript Specific 5' End Sequencing.

The 5' cap is a ubiquitous feature of eukaryotic mRNAs. It is added in the nucleus onto newly synthesized pre-mRNA, and in the cytoplasm onto mRNAs after decapping or endonuclease cleavage. Cytoplasmic recapping can occur after loss of the cap at the native 5' end, or downstream within the body of the mRNA.

Cytoplasmic mRNA recapping has limited impact on proteome complexity.

The m7G cap marks the 5' end of all eukaryotic mRNAs, but there are also capped ends that map downstream within spliced exons. A portion of the mRNA transcriptome undergoes a cyclical process of decapping and recapping, termed cap homeostasis, which impacts the translation and stability of these mRNAs. Blocking cytoplasmic capping results in the appearance of uncapped 5' ends at native cap sites but also near downstream cap sites.

Inhibition of cytoplasmic cap methylation identifies 5' TOP mRNAs as recapping targets and reveals recapping sites downstream of native 5' ends.

Cap homeostasis is the cyclical process of decapping and recapping that maintains the translation and stability of a subset of the transcriptome. Previous work showed levels of some recapping targets decline following transient expression of an inactive form of RNMT (ΔN-RNMT), likely due to degradation of mRNAs with improperly methylated caps. The current study examined transcriptome-wide changes following inhibition of cytoplasmic cap methylation.

Ocular allergy: update on clinical trials.

Purpose Of Review: The purpose of this article is to provide an update on the advances made through recent clinical trials regarding the treatment of the signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis and its associated conditions.

Recent Findings: Recent studies have demonstrated significant advancement in the various forms of immunotherapy treatments. Nutritional interventions such as probiotics have surfaced as a viable complementary treatment option.