TNF-alpha and IL-6 expression in perfused rat liver after intraportal candidemia vs. E. coli or S. aureus bacteremia.

We tested the hypothesis that regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-6 by the liver differs after intraportal challenge with Candida albicans spp. vs. gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria, independent of microbial clearance kinetics or hepatic O2 consumption (VO2).

Ischemia/reperfusion injury of the ascending colon in ponies: a correlative study utilizing microvascular histopathology and corrosion casting.

Volvulus of the ascending colon (ACV) in the horse results in microvascular injury and necrosis of the intestinal mucosa. This study investigated the site and type of microvascular injury which occurs within the mucosa and submucosa following ACV. Histopathology of volvulus treated ponies demonstrated mucosal necrosis with microvascular hemorrhage and thrombosis.

TNF-alpha and cyclooxygenase metabolites do not modulate C. albicans septic shock with disseminated candidiasis.

We analyzed differences in host regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production and pathophysiological responses in conscious rats after infection with two strains of pathogenic Candida albicans spp. (CA-1 and CA-2) compared with Escherichia coli serotype 055:B5 (EC). The hypothesis was tested that, in contrast to EC, hypotension, organ injury, and mortality after candidemia are not obligatorily dependent on TNF-alpha or TNF-alpha-induced cyclooxygenase pathway metabolites.

Photoreceptor-specific efficiencies of beta-carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein for photopigment formation deduced from receptor mutant Drosophila melanogaster.

Drosophila rearing media had only beta-carotene, zeaxanthin or lutein as precursors for photopigment chromophores. Zeaxanthin and lutein are potentially optimum sources of the 3-hydroxylated retinoids of visual and accessory photopigments. Mutants made the electroretinogram in white (w) eyes selective for compound eye photoreceptors R1-6, R7 and R8: R1-6 dominates w's electroretinogram; R7/8 generates w;ora's (ora = outer rhabdomeres absent); R8 generates w sev;- ora's (sev = sevenless).

Rhabdomere turnover and rhodopsin cycle: maintenance of retinula cells in Drosophila melanogaster.

Visual receptor maintenance in Drosophila involves turnover of membrane. Coated pits derived from rhabdomere and plasmalemma, coated vesicles and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) of about 0.5 micron diameter characterize the early autophagic steps.