A conditional smoothened (smo) allele on an inbred C57BL/6J genetic background has a hypomorphic smo mutant phenotype.

We have introduced the floxed allele of Smoothened (Smo) carried by the mouse line Smo into the C57BL/6J strain by serial backcross. Recapitulation of the Smo null phenotype was confirmed by deleting the allele using E2a-cre and intercrossing heterozygous Smo ± mice. No homozygous mutant embryos were identified at E9.

Metabolic Dysfunction in New-Onset Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Identification of Novel Biomarkers.

Objective: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a neurometabolic disease with an increasing incidence. The pathophysiology is unknown, but improvement of diagnosis and management requires discovery of novel biomarkers. Our objective was to identify such candidate biomarkers in IIH, and secondarily, test for associations between identified metabolites and disease severity.

Average steps per day as marker of treatment response with anti-CGRP mAbs in adults with chronic migraine: a pilot study.

Physical activity can worsen migraine, leading to reduced activity levels in adults with chronic migraine. This study investigated the change in average steps per day, as a surrogate marker of physical activity, in adults with chronic migraine successfully treated with monoclonal antibodies against calcitonin gene-related peptide or its receptor. Data were obtained from adults with chronic migraine, who were classified as responders to preventive treatment with monoclonal antibodies.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for headache and pain disorders: a systematic review.

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays a crucial role in metabolic disorders by enhancing insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon release, and slowing gastric emptying, thereby improving glycemic control. In recent years, GLP-1 role in neuronal pathways has expanded its therapeutic potential. We aim to comprehensively evaluate the relevance of GLP-1 in headache and pain disorders.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signs of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension.

Importance: The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) criteria currently used to diagnose idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) are based on expert opinion and have limited accuracy. Additional neuroimaging signs have been proposed and used with contradictory results; thus, prospective evidence is needed to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Objective: To provide evidence-based, accurate MRI signs for IIH diagnosis.