Visual risk factors for falls in older adults: a case-control study.

Background: Falls are the second leading  cause of accidental deaths worldwide mainly in older people. Older people have poor vision and published evidence suggests that it is a risk factor for falls. Less than half of falls clinics assess vision as part of the multi-factorial assessment of older adults at risk of falls despite vision being an essential input for postural stability.

The Use of the Saccadometer to Identify Saccadic Characteristics in Myasthenia Gravis: A Pilot Study.

Background: Myasthenia gravis (MG) often presents with ocular signs that mimic other forms of ocular defects, such as isolated cranial nerve palsy. Normal velocity or even hyperfast saccadic eye movements in the presence of deficits of smooth pursuit have been well described in the literature in myasthenic patients. The reason for these paradoxical clinical findings has been reported to be due to increased postsynaptic folding of the fast-twitch fibers responsible for the execution of a saccade which is absent in those fibers responsible for slower, smooth eye movement.

Outcomes of the Harada-Ito Procedure.

Purpose: Fell's modification of the Harada-Ito (HI) procedure is often used to tackle subjective torsion usually following superior oblique palsy. There is limited published data on the longer-term outcomes and the effect on horizontal incomitance of the procedure. The purpose of this study is to report on the medium to long-term outcomes of the HI procedure.

The Normal Accommodative Convergence/Accommodation (AC/A) Ratio.

Background And Purpose: To measure the Accommodative Convergence (PD)/Accommodation ratio (D) (AC/A) in a cohort of visually normal participants using common clinical methods.

Patients And Methods: AC/A ratios of 50 visually normal subjects were measured using the distance gradient (DG), near gradient (NG), gradient using synoptophore, (SG) and heterophoria (H) methods in line with current clinical practice.

Results: Median AC/A ratios for NG, DG, SG, and H were 2.

Incidence, risk factors and management of intractable diplopia.

Aims: There is a paucity of literature concerning intractable diplopia. The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of intractable diplopia in the UK, identify the causes and any associated risk factors, establish how cases are managed and if the treatment is successful and tolerated.

Methods: A 1-year prospective observational study was undertaken via the British Ophthalmological Surveillance Unit (BOSU).