Systems approach to animal health services delivery in sub-Saharan Africa: the case of privatisation.

The theory of privatisation is first reviewed with respect to animal health care in sub-Saharan Africa. Then, using the systems approach advocated in an accompanying paper, the authors argue that the nature of animal production systems obtaining in any economy is of central importance in determining the type and mixture of animal health services delivery systems present. These are influenced, in turn, by the demand placed on the production system by consumers, the levels of consumer income and the policies enacted by governments.

Systems approach to animal health services delivery in sub-Saharan Africa: concept development.

The current trend towards restructuring to improve the standards and efficiency of public services in sub-Saharan Africa, within the framework of economic structural adjustment programmes, has stimulated debates and proposals regarding veterinary services in the region. Such debates sometimes neglect the fact that a number of different animal production systems may coexist within a single economy. The authors review the concept of veterinary services delivery systems and examine this concept in the context of animal production systems, concluding that different delivery systems may be required to cater for different production systems.

Economics and planning in the veterinary undergraduate programme: a model for sub-Saharan Africa.

Veterinarians in sub-Saharan Africa work in resource-deficient environments. Decisions taken by veterinarians in this sub-region, on animal health, animal husbandry and public health issues, are therefore influenced by economic factors including macro-economic considerations related to the current structural adjustment programmes being implemented in the sub-region. In turn, decisions or advice given by veterinarians have socio-economic consequences on clients, on the effectiveness of the delivery systems for veterinary services and on the growth of national economies.

Co-operation in veterinary education between sub-Saharan Africa and the developed countries: experience of the University of Zambia.

As is the case with many other veterinary schools in sub-Saharan Africa, the development of the University of Zambia (UNZA) Veterinary School has been supported largely by aid from the developed countries in the form of general expenditure grants, staff training scholarships and technical assistance. The three major pillars of the policies which have governed interactions between UNZA and donors have been bilateralism, "projectisation" (the supplying of aid within the framework of specific projects) and donor management of aid. These have been blended according to the resources endowed by the donors and the negotiating position of UNZA.

The effects of experimentally induced fever on the estimated blood flow to and oxygen utilization by the liver and the viscera drained by the portal vein in sheep.

Intrajugular injection of a purified E. coli lipopolysaccharide induced a biphasic fever in sheep after a latent period of 12 to 20 min. The changes in the blood flow from the liver and from the viscera drained by the portal vein were: (a) in the latent period, decreases in total hepatic blood flow (THF) due to decreased portal venous blood flow (PVF); (b) during the first febrile phase, increases in THF due to increased hepatic arterial blood flow and, (c) in the second febrile phase, decreases in THF due to decreased PVF.