Levetiracetam (LEV) is an anti-epileptic drug used extra-label in dogs. Commercially available extended-release formulations (LEV-ER), administered twice daily, cannot be crushed or split, limiting their use in small dogs. A compounded LEV-ER formulation (PO-COMP) can purportedly be partitioned without loss of extended-release properties.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTwo 9-week-old female littermate German Shepherd puppies showed severe high-frequency low-amplitude trembling that worsened with movement. The white matter (WM) of the central nervous system (CNS) showed bilateral diffuse severe spongiosis in the cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, and the neuropil of the oculomotor and red nuclei. The cortical corona radiata was less severely affected.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To compare vertebral implant placement in the canine thoracolumbar spine between 3D-printed patient-specific drill guides (3DPG) and the conventional freehand technique (FH).
Study Design: Ex vivo study.
Animals: Cadaveric canine spines (n = 24).
Objective: To develop a Modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MGCS) for use in raptors presenting with head trauma and assess the agreement of the MGCS scores between examiners with varying backgrounds, and to assess the prognostic value of the avian MGCS in raptors with head trauma.
Animals: 156 native raptorial species.
Methods: All raptors received an MGCS assessment within 8 hours of their presentation, between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2019.