Behavior of dairy cows managed outdoors in winter: Effects of weather and paddock soil conditions.

Dairy cows are motivated to access dry lying surfaces and will seek protection from wind and rain, but winter conditions may limit these opportunities when cows are managed outdoors. The primary aim of this observational study was to determine the effects of weather and paddock soil conditions on lying behavior of dairy cows managed outdoors during winter and fed crop in situ, a practice occurring in New Zealand with year-round grazing of dairy cows. A secondary aim was to characterize eating and ruminating behaviors during winter weather and paddock soil conditions.

Bioreactor-Grown Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) Vaccine Protects Badgers against Virulent When Administered Orally: Identifying Limitations in Baited Vaccine Delivery.

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Great Britain adversely affects animal health and welfare and is a cause of considerable economic loss. The situation is exacerbated by European badgers () acting as a wildlife source of recurrent infection to cattle. Vaccination of badgers against TB is a possible means to reduce and control bovine TB.

Health Care Professionals' and Patients' Management of the Interactional Practices in Telemedicine Videoconferencing: A Conversation Analytic and Discursive Systematic Review.

Telemedicine has developed as a tool for increasing access to health-related services. However, clinicians are required to achieve effective communication and provide quality care despite the remoteness of patients. The aim of this review was to focus on the interactional components of telemedicine consultations, identifying the social and embodied practices that health care professionals and patients draw on when managing the complexities of videoconferencing technology.

Benefits and Trade-Offs of Dairy System Changes Aimed at Reducing Nitrate Leaching.

Between 2011 and 2016, small-scale farm trials were run across three dairy regions of New Zealand (Waikato, Canterbury, Otago) to compare the performance of typical regional farm systems with farm systems implementing a combination of mitigation options most suitable to the region. The trials ran for at least three consecutive years with detailed recording of milk production and input costs. Nitrate leaching per hectare of the milking platform (where lactating cows are kept) was estimated using either measurements (suction cups), models, or soil mineral nitrogen measurements.

Purification and Characterisation of Badger IgA and Its Detection in the Context of Tuberculosis.

European badgers are a wildlife reservoir of bovine tuberculosis in parts of Great Britain. Accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis in badgers is important for the development of strategies for the control of the disease. Sensitive serological tests for badger TB are needed for reasons such as cost and simplicity.