Nitric oxide in Tanzanian children with malaria: inverse relationship between malaria severity and nitric oxide production/nitric oxide synthase type 2 expression.

Nitric oxide (NO)-related activity has been shown to be protective against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. It has been hypothesized, however, that excess NO production contributes to the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. The purpose of this study was to compare markers of NO production [urinary and plasma nitrate + nitrite (NOx)], leukocyte-inducible nitric oxide synthase type 2 (NOS2), and plasma TNF-alpha and IL-10 levels with disease severity in 191 Tanzanian children with and without malaria.

Delayed-type hypersensitivity testing in Tanzanian adults with HIV infection.

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) testing and total lymphocyte counts as measures of cell-mediated immune function were assessed for medical patients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. DTH testing was performed with the Multitest CMI device which simultaneously administers seven antigens. Of 201 patients completing DTH testing, 90 were HIV seropositive.

Elevated levels of methaemoglobin in Tanzanian children with severe and uncomplicated malaria.

Elevated levels of methaemoglobin, the ferric form of haemoglobin incapable of oxygen transport, have been previously found during Plasmodium vivax infections and in acidotic infants. We measured methaemoglobin in the following 5 groups of children with P. falciparum malaria admitted to Muhimbili Medical Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Diagnosis and screening of HIV/AIDS using clinical criteria in Tanzanian adults.

The clinical utility of the World Health Organization (WHO) clinical case definition (CCD) of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Africa, several proposed modifications of the WHO CCD, and two proposed screening algorithms for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were examined in adult medical inpatients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were determined for the CCDs and screening algorithms. Multivariable analysis identified factors with high accuracy for HIV infection.