Coarse-Graining Chemical Networks by Trimming to Preserve Energy Dissipation.

Continuous production of entropy and the corresponding energy dissipation is a defining characteristic of nonequilibrium systems. When a system's full chemical kinetic description is known, its entropy production rate can be computed from the microscopic rate constants. However, such a calculation typically underestimates energy dissipation when the states of the underlying system are mesoscopic, i.

Efficacy of a clinical decision support tool to promote guideline concordant evaluations in patients with high-risk microscopic hematuria: a cluster randomized quality improvement project.

Purpose: We aimed to determine whether implementation of clinical decision support (CDS) tool integrated into the electronic health record (EHR) of a multi-site academic medical center increased the proportion of patients with American Urological Association (AUA) "high risk" microscopic hematuria (MH) who receive guideline concordant evaluations.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a two-arm cluster randomized quality improvement project in which 202 ambulatory sites from a large health system were randomized to either have their physicians receive at time of test results an automated CDS alert for patients with 'high-risk' MH with associated recommendations for imaging and cystoscopy (intervention) or usual care (control). Primary outcome was met if a patient underwent both imaging and cystoscopy within 180 days from MH result.

Ultrashort pulses in structural analysis of diamond layers with angstrom resolution.

X-ray crystallography is commonly used to determine crystal structures, whether continuous or ultrashort x rays are used. In this paper, it is shown that using only ultrashort pulses, it is possible to determine interplanar spacing in diamond layers, the distance between which can be only a few angstroms. The results obtained can be extended, with further development of the presented theory, to determine 3D objects in the crystal structure, the dimensions of which can be only a few angstroms.

Uncovering dissipation from coarse observables: A case study of a random walk with unobserved internal states.

Inferring underlying microscopic dynamics from low-dimensional experimental signals is a central problem in physics, chemistry, and biology. As a trade-off between molecular complexity and the low-dimensional nature of experimental data, mesoscopic descriptions such as the Markovian master equation are commonly used. The states in such descriptions usually include multiple microscopic states, and the ensuing coarse-grained dynamics are generally non-Markovian.

Magnetic Solitons in Hierarchical 3D Magnetic Nanoarchitectures of Nanoflower Shape.

Curvilinear magnetism emerged as a new route to tailor properties of magnetic solitons by the choice of geometry and topology of a magnetic architecture. Here, we develop an anodized aluminum oxide template-based approach to realize hierarchical 3D magnetic nanoarchitectures of nanoflower shape. The technique provides defect-free regular arrays of magnetic nanoflowers of tunable shape with a period of 400 nm over cm areas.