Recovery beyond clinical improvement - Recovery outcomes measured for people with bipolar disorder between 1980 and 2020.

Background: Outcome measurement in bipolar disorder (BD) traditionally focused on clinical improvement without considering other domains. Improvement trajectories in clinical and social-functional domains are different and can simultaneously appear in one while not in other domains. Measuring personal recovery (PR) has become a priority internationally.

Psychological factors in personal and clinical recovery in bipolar disorder.

Background: Research into bipolar disorder (BD) has primarily focused upon clinical recovery (CR), i.e. symptom reduction, and overlooked personally meaningful recovery outcomes emphasized by service users.