Circadian realignment and depressed mood: A systematic review.

Chronotherapeutic interventions aimed at realigning the circadian system can improve depression. This systematic review evaluated the current evidence for circadian realignment as an antidepressant mechanism. A comprehensive search was conducted in studies that implemented a chronotherapeutic intervention in samples with depression and/or delayed sleep/circadian timing using PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Wiley), Europe PMC, and PsycINFO.

An Introduction to The Orbital Buttresses.

Facial buttresses are supportive bony structures of the facial skeleton that form a thick, strong, and protective framework for the face. Surgical fixation may be required to restore morphology and function when damage to these buttresses occurs. We sought to determine if, similar to buttresses of the facial skeleton, buttresses of the internal orbit exist.

The role of retinal irradiance estimates in melanopsin-driven retinal responsivity: a reanalysis of the post-illumination pupil response in seasonal affective disorder.

To isolate melanopsin contributions to retinal sensitivity measured by the post-illumination pupil response (PIPR), controlling for individual differences in non-melanopsin contributions including retinal irradiance is required. When methodologies to negate such differences present barriers, statistical controls have included age, baseline diameter, iris pigmentation, and circadian time of testing. Alternatively, the pupil light reflex (PLR) and calculations estimating retinal irradiance both reflect retinal irradiance, while the PLR also reflects downstream pathways.

Circadian photoentrainment varies by season and depressed state: associations between light sensitivity and sleep and circadian timing.

Study Objectives: Altered light sensitivity may be an underlying vulnerability for disrupted circadian photoentrainment. The photic information necessary for circadian photoentrainment is sent to the circadian clock from melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). The current study tested whether the responsivity of ipRGCs measured using the post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) was associated with circadian phase, sleep timing, and circadian alignment, and if these relationships varied by season or depression severity.

Macroscopic differences in adult human femora are linked to body mass index.

Bone functional adaptation is routinely invoked to interpret skeletal morphology despite ongoing debate regarding the limits of the bone response to mechanical stimuli. The wide variation in human body mass presents an opportunity to explore the relationship between mechanical load and skeletal response in weight-bearing elements. Here, we examine variation in femoral macroscopic morphology as a function of body mass index (BMI), which is used as a metric of load history.