International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: rhinosinusitis 2021.

Unlabelled: I.

Executive Summary: BACKGROUND: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR-RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR-RS-2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics.

Interleukin-33 activates regulatory T cells to suppress innate γδ T cell responses in the lung.

Foxp3 regulatory T (T) cells expressing the interleukin (IL)-33 receptor ST2 mediate tissue repair in response to IL-33. Whether T cells also respond to the alarmin IL-33 to regulate specific aspects of the immune response is not known. Here we describe an unexpected function of ST2 T cells in suppressing the innate immune response in the lung to environmental allergens without altering the adaptive immune response.

Phenotypes of Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex heterogeneous disease with different phenotypes and endotypes. Recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of CRS endotypes have led to the introduction of effective biologic agents for CRS management. Traditionally, CRS phenotypes have been divided into with or without nasal polyps depending on the presence of polyps.