Fuzzy C-Means Clustering: A Review of Applications in Breast Cancer Detection.

This paper reviews the potential use of fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) and explores modifications to the distance function and centroid initialization methods to enhance image segmentation. The application of interest in the paper is the segmentation of breast tumours in mammograms. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in Canadian women.

Short-term flooding increases CH and NO emissions from trees in a riparian forest soil-stem continuum.

One of the characteristics of global climate change is the increase in extreme climate events, e.g., droughts and floods.

Modern Collapse Therapy for Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), extensively drug-resistant TB, and TB-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection require a special approach in anti-TB treatment. Most patients cannot be successfully cured by conventional chemotherapy alone. They need a modern approach using minimally invasive therapeutic and surgical techniques.

Thoracoplasty for Tuberculosis in the Twenty-first Century.

A new modification of osteoplastic collapse thoracoplasty performed with a minimally invasive approach has been proposed. This operation is a variant of extrapleural thoracoplasty used in the treatment of destructive tuberculosis. The benefits of the proposed method, the surgical techniques, and the results of the authors' research are described.

Heat and momentum transfer for magnetoconvection in a vertical external magnetic field.

The scaling theory of Grossmann and Lohse [J. Fluid Mech. 407, 27 (2000)JFLSA70022-112010.