A review of imaging in the diagnosis and management of complicated paediatric pneumonia.

Paediatric pneumonia and its complications present substantial health and economic challenges. While chest radiographs are commonly used as the initial imaging modality for diagnosing uncomplicated pneumonia, they are less effective for complicated cases. In response, various imaging techniques, such as lung ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and chest MRI, have been integrated into clinical practice to enhance diagnosis and guide management decisions.

Real-time risk estimation for active road safety: Leveraging Waymo AV sensor data with hierarchical Bayesian extreme value models.

Near-miss traffic risk estimation using Extreme Value Theory (EVT) models within a real-time framework offers a promising alternative to traditional historical crash-based methods. However, current approaches often lack comprehensive analysis that integrates diverse roadway geometries, crash patterns, and two-dimensional (2D) vehicle dynamics, limiting both their accuracy and generalizability. This study addresses these gaps by employing a high-fidelity, 2D time-to-collision (TTC) near-miss indicator derived from autonomous vehicle (AV) sensor data.

The negative Binomial-Lindley model with Time-Dependent Parameters: Accounting for temporal variations and excess zero observations in crash data.

Crash counts are non-negative integer events often analyzed using crash frequency models such as the negative binomial (NB) distribution. However, due to their random and infrequent nature, crash data usually exhibit unique characteristics, such as excess zero observations that the NB distribution cannot adequately model. The negative binomial-Lindley (NBL) and random parameters negative binomial-Lindley (RPNBL) models have been proposed to address this limitation.

Analyzing fatal crash patterns of recidivist drivers across genders and age Groups: A hazard-based duration approach.

Identifying factors that significantly affect drivers that are repeatedly involved in traffic violations or non-fatal crashes (defined here as recidivist drivers) is very important in highway safety studies. This study sought to understand the relationship between a set of variables related to previous driving violations and the duration between a previous non-fatal crash and a subsequent fatal crash, taking into account the age and gender of the driver. By identifying the characteristics of this unique driver population and the factors that influence the duration between their crash events strategies can be put in place to prevent the occurrence of future and potentially fatal crashes.

Estimating the effectiveness of marked sidewalks: An application of the spatial causality approach.

Various safety enhancements and policies have been proposed to enhance pedestrian safety and minimize vehicle-pedestrian accidents. A relatively recent approach involves marked sidewalks delineated by painted pathways, particularly in Asia's crowded urban centers, offering a cost-effective and space-efficient alternative to traditional paved sidewalks. While this measure has garnered interest, few studies have rigorously evaluated its effectiveness.