Changes in patient preferences in the disposal of cryopreserved embryos.

Background: The disposal of unused cryopreserved embryos can be a difficult decision for patients and the existence of unclaimed embryos raises ethical concerns for clinics. This study examined changes in patients' preferences for disposition of unused embryos and the relevance of a two-stage process for obtaining consent.

Methods: Patients who had not returned for cryopreserved embryos for over 5 years were contacted and asked to specify their current preferences for embryo disposition.

Oral contraceptives and back pain in women in a Swedish community.

Background: Female back pain is a clinical problem-especially low back pain with symptoms from the pelvic posterior region-that is often aggravated in connection with pregnancy and childbirth. Hormones have been suggested as an aetiologic factor. This study is aimed to determine whether additional hormone preparations, i.