ACT3: a high-speed, high-precision electrical impedance tomograph.

This paper presents the design, implementation, and performance of Rensselaer's third-generation Adaptive Current Tomograph, ACT3. This system uses 32 current sources and 32 phase-sensitive voltmeters to make a 32-electrode system that is capable of applying arbitrary spatial patterns of current. The instrumentation provides 16 b precision on both the current values and the real and reactive voltage readings and can collect the data for a single image in 133 ms.

Detection and imaging of electric conductivity and permittivity at low frequency.

This paper is concerned with low frequency electrical impedance imaging, which is the process of constructing images of the electrical impedance of a body's interior based upon measurements of voltage and current made at the body's surface. The electrical impedance accounts for both resistivity and permittivity. This paper shows how permittivity can be exploited to improve the performance of an electrical impedance imaging system.

Rapid assessment of electrode characteristics for impedance imaging.

Electrical impedance imaging is the technique for producing images of the resistivity of internal body structures based on measurements of voltage and current from electrodes applied to the body's surface. When a multiplicity of electrodes are applied in one or more rows around a body structure such as the thorax or limb, it is useful to be able to rapidly assess the general status of the electrode-body interface to determine if the skin has been suitably prepared, and that electrode and skin impedance are suitably low. In addition, assessment of the impedance of individual electrodes should precede acquisition of data for image formation.

Errors due to measuring voltage on current-carrying electrodes in electric current computed tomography.

Electric current computed tomography is a process for determining the distribution of electrical conductivity inside a body based upon measurements of voltage or current made at the body's surface. Most such systems use different electrodes for the application of current and the measurement of voltage. This paper shows that when a multiplicity of electrodes are attached to a body's surface, the voltage data are most sensitive to changes in resistivity in the body's interior when voltages are measured from all electrodes, including those carrying current.

Electrode models for electric current computed tomography.

This paper develops a mathematical model for the physical properties of electrodes suitable for use in electric current computed tomography (ECCT). The model includes the effects of discretization, shunt, and contact impedance. The complete model was validated by experiment.