A Novel and Robust Protocol for Differentiation of SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells into Neuron Like Cells.

Introduction: Human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y is a frequently used experimental cellular model in a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. It is crucial to use a culture protocol that supports the fully differentiation of SH-SY5Y into neuron-like phenotype for the consistency of the results with neurons in vivo. However, a standardized neuronal differentiation protocol for SH-SY5Y cells still does not exist.

The relations of circulating agouti-related peptide and leptin with altered sleep architecture in patients with active Cushing's disease: a pilot study.

Aim: To evaluate sleep architecture of patients with Cushing's disease (CD) and to explore whether agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and/or leptin play a permissive role in sleep alterations in patients with active CD.

Methods: We performed polysomnography on 26 patients with active CD and age 26 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Blood samples were obtained from all participants for the analyzes of AgRP and leptin.

Comparative pathology and immunohistochemistry of Newcastle disease in domestic chicken () and Alabio duck ().

Background: Newcastle disease is very pathogenic in chickens, whereas in ducks, the disease does not show any clinical symptoms.

Aims: To compare the clinical symptoms features, pathological lesions, viral distribution, and apoptosis response caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in domestic chicken and Alabio duck.

Methods: Forty domestic chickens and 40 Alabio ducks were separated into four groups: domestic chicken and Alabio duck treatment groups, where each was infected by NDV velogenic ducks/Aceh Besar_IND/2013/eoAC080721 in 10ELD dosage.

Dual action of exosomes derived from in vitro Aβ toxicity model: The role of age for pathological response.

Exosomes released from different cell types of the central nervous system play an essential role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we aimed to create an animal model by injecting exosomes that carry AD markers into the brain to shed light on the mechanism behind Alzheimer's pathology. Exosomes obtained from mouse Neuro2A, to which Aβ toxicity model applied, were used as a mediator to build an AD phenotype.

[Penile glans amputation during circumcision: causes, treatments and preventive measures].

Introduction: Penile glans amputation during circumcision is a rare but potentially devastating complication. The mechanism and causes are poorly understood and incomprehensible. It is important to identify the causes of these complications, to suggest a mechanism and to propose prevention measures.