Preclinical toxicity and toxicokinetics of GTI-2040, a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide targeting ribonucleotide reductase R2.

Purpose: GTI-2040, a 20-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, was designed to hybridize to the mRNA sequence of human ribonucleotide reductase R2. GTI-2040 has been shown to inhibit human cancer cell proliferation by downregulation of R2 expression in vitro and to significantly inhibit tumor growth in xenograft models of human cancer in mice. As part of the safety evaluation for human clinical trials, the toxicity and toxicokinetics of GTI-2040 were determined in Sprague-Dawley rats and rhesus monkeys.

The resistant frozen shoulder. Manipulation versus arthroscopic release.

Frozen shoulder is often a self-limited disease, but approximately 10% of patients have long-term problems. Arthroscopy was done in 40 patients with persistent pain, stiffness, and functional loss for at least 1 year without improvement despite conventional treatment. In the first 20 patients, manipulation was done with an arthroscopy before and afterward; in the second 20 patients, the contracted structures were divided through arthroscopy.

Arthrodesis of the ankle. A comparison of two versus three screw fixation in a crossed configuration.

Sixteen human anatomic specimen ankles underwent an arthrodesis using two (medial and lateral) or three (additional anterior) screw fixation. It was shown that significantly greater compression was achieved with three screws (p = 0.001).

Arthroscopically assisted arthrodesis for osteoarthrotic ankles.

Arthroscopically assisted arthrodesis of the ankle was performed in nineteen patients who were selected because they had osteoarthrosis with minimum or no deformity of the ankle. After arthroscopic resection of the synovial membrane, the subchondral bone, and cartilage from the tibial, fibular, and talar articular surfaces, three percutaneous, cannulated, cancellous screws were used for internal fixation. Of these nineteen patients, ten had radiographic evidence of union by the second postoperative month; five, by the third; one, by the fifth; and one, by the sixth.

Arthroscopic acromioplasty. The superiority of the posterior portal over the lateral portal.

The authors demonstrate that the posterior portal is superior to the lateral portal for performing an arthroscopic acromioplasty by using pre- and postoperative three-dimensional computed tomography scans to quantitate bone shape and volume. The posterior portal gives superior resection of volume of bone as well as superior contour of the bone, especially in removing the anterior acromial hook.