Synaptotagmin-11 facilitates assembly of a presynaptic signaling complex in post-Golgi cargo vesicles.

GABA receptors (GBRs), the G protein-coupled receptors for GABA, regulate synaptic transmission throughout the brain. A main synaptic function of GBRs is the gating of Cav2.2-type Ca channels.

Preassembly of specific Gβγ subunits at GABA receptors through auxiliary KCTD proteins accelerates channel gating.

GABA receptors (GBRs) are G protein-coupled receptors for GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GBRs regulate fast synaptic transmission by gating Ca and K channels via the Gβγ subunits of the activated G protein. It has been demonstrated that auxiliary GBR subunits, the KCTD proteins, shorten onset and rise time and increase desensitization of receptor-induced K currents.

Using geometric morphometrics to determine the "fittest" floral shape: A case study in large-flowered, buzz-pollinated Meriania hernandoi.

Premise: Floral shape (relative arrangement and position of floral organs) is critical in mediating fit with pollinators and maximizing conspecific pollen transfer particularly in functionally specialized systems. To date, however, few studies have attempted to quantify flowers as the inherently three-dimensional (3D) structures they are and determine the effect of intraspecific shape variation on pollen transfer. We here addressed this research gap using a functionally specialized system, buzz pollination, in which bees extract pollen through vibrations, as a model.