The sexy and formidable male body: men's height and weight are conditfion-dependent, sexually selected traits.

On average men are taller and more muscular than women, which confers on them advantages related to female choice and during physical competition with other men. Sexual size dimorphisms such as these come with vulnerabilities due to higher maintenance and developmental costs for the sex with the larger trait. These costs are in keeping with evolutionary theory that posits large, elaborate, sexually selected traits are signals of health and vitality because stressor exposure (e.

Does greater variation reside in the larger sex?

The question of whether males or females are the more variable sex is long-standing, and yet to be fully answered. We investigate the relationships between body mass and variation across species using a phylogenetically informed analysis of the body mass of 337 species representing six mammalian orders. Within each order, we found that the larger sex is typically the more variable sex, whether male or female, and the variation-size relationship is arguably often close to unity.

The Gender-Equality Paradox in Intraindividual Academic Strengths: A Cross-Temporal Analysis.

Independent of overall achievement, girls' intraindividual academic strength is typically reading, whereas boys' strength is typically mathematics or science. Sex differences in intraindividual strengths are associated with educational and occupational sex disparities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Paradoxically, these sex differences are larger in more gender-equal countries, but the stability of this paradox is debated.

Assessing phenotypic variation and plasticity of endemic gastropods from thermal water refugia using complex morphometric techniques: A case study of Lake Pețea melanopsids.

Understanding the underlying reasons for phenotypic plasticity and resulting morphological disparity is one of the key topics of evolutionary research. The phenotypic plasticity of extant and fossil melanopsids has been widely documented. Yet millennial-resolution, well-dated records from small aquatic habitats harboring endemics are scarce.