Utility of digital rectal examination, serum prostate specific antigen, and transrectal ultrasound in the detection of prostate cancer: a developing country perspective.

Purpose: To determine the utility of digital rectal examination (DRE), serum total prostate specific antigen (tPSA) estimation, and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) for the detection of prostate cancer (PCa) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Materials And Methods: All patients with abnormal DRE, TRUS, or serum tPSA >4ng/ml, in any combination, underwent TRUS-guided needle biopsy. Eight cores of prostatic tissue were obtained from different areas of the peripheral prostate and examined histopathologically for the nature of the pathology.

Research and development at the university. The direction of federal support and opportunities for response by consortia are changing.

In summary then, the growing call from government for the universities to do applied research in the civilian sector has many disturbing elements. It asks the university to provide more policy advice. In addition, it calls upon the university to become an advocate for that policy research.