Fc-independent functions of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies contribute to anti-tumor efficacy.

Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), was the first immune checkpoint inhibitor approved by the FDA to treat metastatic melanoma patients. Multiple preclinical studies have proposed that Fc effector functions of anti-CTLA-4 therapy are required for anti-tumor efficacy, in part, through the depletion of intratumoral regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, the contribution of the Fc-independent functions of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies to the observed efficacy is not fully understood.

LINGO-1, a transmembrane signaling protein, inhibits oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination through intercellular self-interactions.

Overcoming remyelination failure is a major goal of new therapies for demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis. LINGO-1, a key negative regulator of myelination, is a transmembrane signaling protein expressed in both neurons and oligodendrocytes. In neurons, LINGO-1 is an integral component of the Nogo receptor complex, which inhibits axonal growth via RhoA.

The content of optometric eye examinations for a presbyopic patient presenting with symptoms of flashing lights.

Background: Standardised patients (SPs) are the gold standard methodology for evaluating clinical care. This approach was used to investigate the content of optometric eyecare for a presbyopic patient who presented with recent photopsia.

Methods: A total of 102 community optometrists consented to be visited by an actor for a recorded eye examination.

E. coli and insect cell expression, automated purification and quantitative analysis.

The production of recombinant proteins usually involves the exploration of a wide variety of expression and purification methodologies in the pursuit of a strategy tailored to a particular protein. The methods applied are reliant on exploiting individual differences between expression systems or the variations in specific protein properties. These bespoke strategies have not lent themselves to high-throughput methodologies.

Development of a protease production platform for structure-based drug design.

Structure-based drug design (SBDD) has played an integral role in the development of highly specific, potent protease inhibitors resulting in a number of drugs in clinical trials and on the market. Possessing biochemical assays and structural information on both the target protease and homologous family members helps ensure compound selectivity. We have redesigned the path from clone to protein eliminating many of the traditional bottlenecks associated with protein production to ensure a constant supply to feed many diverse protease drug discovery programs.