Benford's Law: textbook exercises and multiple-choice testbanks.

Benford's Law describes the finding that the distribution of leading (or leftmost) digits of innumerable datasets follows a well-defined logarithmic trend, rather than an intuitive uniformity. In practice this means that the most common leading digit is 1, with an expected frequency of 30.1%, and the least common is 9, with an expected frequency of 4.

The CS-preexposure effect in conditioned taste-aversion learning in golden hamsters.

In Experiment 1, golden hamsters were injected with either 0.9% saline or the nausea-inducing agent, lithium chloride (LiCL), immediately after consuming a flavored diet that was either novel or familiar. The LiCl-induced aversion was strong in hamsters for which the flavored diet was novel, but no significant aversion was observed in hamsters that were familiar with the flavored diet.

Cholecystokinin reduces ethanol consumption in golden hamsters.

In experimental conditions, golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) avidly consume ethanol solutions. However, they are relatively resistant to the deleterious effects of ethanol even after months of continuous consumption, apparently because they metabolize ethanol rapidly and efficiently. Male hamsters with ad libitum access to food and water were presented with isocaloric solutions [weight/weight (wt.

Preference for novel flavors in adult golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

Although animals generally prefer to eat foods with familiar rather than unfamiliar flavors, adult golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were found to do the opposite. After having prolonged exposure to a food with a particular flavor, hamsters were allowed to select between the food with the familiar flavor and the same food with a novel flavor. Hamsters consistently ate more of the food with the novel flavor, and this preference was long-lasting and resistant to extinction.

Operant responding for dietary protein in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).

Golden hamsters housed in operant chambers over a period of weeks had ad lib access to a maintenance diet that was either nutritionally complete (NCMD) or protein-free (PFMD), and they were required to press a lever on a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule to obtain 20-mg high-protein pellets. As the FR requirement increased, hamsters maintained on the NCMD made fewer lever presses and ate fewer pellets, and at the highest FR levels, they earned very few pellets. In contrast, hamsters maintained on PFMD increased the number of lever presses as the FR requirement increased, and they only slightly reduced the number of pellets eaten.