5',6'-nucleoside phosphonate analogues architecture: synthesis and comparative evaluation towards metabolic enzymes.

Nucleoside phosphonates have been designed as stable 5'-mononucleotide mimics and are nowadays considered a potent class of antiviral agents. Within cells, they must be metabolised to the corresponding diphosphate to exert their biological activity. In this process, the first phosphorylation step, catalysed by nucleoside monophosphate kinases (NMP kinases), has been proposed as a bottleneck.

Novel antiviral C5-substituted pyrimidine acyclic nucleoside phosphonates selected as human thymidylate kinase substrates.

Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) are at the cornerstone of DNA virus and retrovirus therapies. They reach their target, the viral DNA polymerase, after two phosphorylation steps catalyzed by cellular kinases. New pyrimidine ANPs have been synthesized with unsaturated acyclic side chains (prop-2-enyl-, but-2-enyl-, pent-2-enyl-) and different substituents at the C5 position of the uracil nucleobase.

Human and viral nucleoside/nucleotide kinases involved in antiviral drug activation: structural and catalytic properties.

Antiviral nucleoside and nucleotide analogs, essential for the treatment of viral infections in the absence of efficient vaccines, are prodrug forms of the active compounds that target the viral DNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase. The activation process requires several successive phosphorylation steps catalyzed by different kinases, which are present in the host cell or encoded by some of the viruses. These activation reactions often are rate-limiting steps and are thus open to improvement.

3'-(1,2,3-Triazol-1-yl)-3'-deoxythymidine analogs as substrates for human and Ureaplasma parvum thymidine kinase for structure-activity investigations.

The pathogenic mycoplasma Ureaplasma parvum (Up) causes opportunistic infections and relies on salvage of nucleosides for DNA synthesis and Up thymidine kinase (UpTK) provides the necessary thymidine nucleotides. The anti-HIV compound 3 -azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) is a good substrate for TK. Methods for a rapid and efficient synthesis of new 3'-alpha-[1,2,3]triazol-3'-deoxythymidine analogs from AZT under Huisgen conditions are described.

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase and the activation of antiviral phosphonate analogs of nucleotides: binding mode and phosphorylation of tenofovir derivatives.

Tenofovir is an acyclic phosphonate analog of deoxyadenylate used in AIDS and hepatitis B therapy. We find that tenofovir diphosphate, its active form, can be produced by human nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK), but with low efficiency, and that creatine kinase is significantly more active. The 1.