Understanding Developmental Cell Death Using as a Model System.

Cell death plays an essential function in organismal development, wellbeing, and ageing. Many types of cell deaths have been described in the past 30 years. Among these, apoptosis remains the most conserved type of cell death in metazoans and the most common mechanism for deleting unwanted cells.

Autophagy captures the retromer-TBC1D5 complex to inhibit receptor recycling.

Retromer prevents the destruction of numerous receptors by recycling them from endosomes to the Golgi network or plasma membrane. This enables retromer to fine-tune the activity of many signaling pathways in parallel. However, the mechanism(s) by which retromer function adapts to environmental fluctuations such as nutrient withdrawal and how this affects the fate of its cargoes remains incompletely understood.

Receptor Recycling by Retromer.

The highly conserved retromer complex controls the fate of hundreds of receptors that pass through the endolysosomal system and is a central regulatory node for diverse metabolic programs. More than 20 years ago, retromer was discovered as an essential regulator of endosome-to-Golgi transport in yeast; since then, significant progress has been made to characterize how metazoan retromer components assemble to enable its engagement with endosomal membranes, where it sorts cargo receptors from endosomes to the -Golgi network or plasma membrane through recognition of sorting motifs in their cytoplasmic tails. In this review, we examine retromer regulation by exploring its assembled structure with an emphasis on how a range of adaptor proteins shape the process of receptor trafficking.

Local Monitoring Should Inform Local Solutions: Morphological Assemblages of Microplastics Are Similar within a Pathway, But Relative Total Concentrations Vary Regionally.

Pathways for microplastics to aquatic ecosystems include agricultural runoff, urban runoff, and treated or untreated wastewater. To better understand the importance of each pathway as a vector for microplastics into waterbodies and for mitigation, we sampled agricultural runoff, urban stormwater runoff, treated wastewater effluent, and the waterbodies downstream in four regions across North America: the Sacramento Delta, the Mississippi River, Lake Ontario, and Chesapeake Bay. The highest concentrations of microplastics in each pathway varied by region: agricultural runoff in the Sacramento Delta and Mississippi River, urban stormwater runoff in Lake Ontario, and treated wastewater effluent in Chesapeake Bay.