Problematic Periods Costing Young Women-The Impact of Menstrual Symptoms on Work and Study.

Menstrual disorders are common, but their economic and social impact is still underreported. This study used a cross-sectional design to investigate menstrual symptom prevalence, impacts and economic burden in Australian women of reproductive age. One thousand two hundred thirty-eight responses were analysed (median age 33 years).

Early degenerative changes are different between partial and complete anterior cruciate ligament injury and associate with joint instability in a skeletally immature porcine model.

Objective: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are a major problem in the pediatric and adolescent populations. Some of these injuries are only partial; yet, there is limited data to inform clinical treatment of such partial tears. It is unknown how injury partial injury impacts long-term degenerative changes in the joint relative to complete injury.

Tropical Density Estimation of Phylogenetic Trees.

Much evidence from biological theory and empirical data indicates that, gene trees, phylogenetic trees reconstructed from different genes (loci), do not have to have exactly the same tree topologies. Such incongruence between gene trees might be caused by some "unusual" evolutionary events, such as meiotic sexual recombination in eukaryotes or horizontal transfers of genetic material in prokaryotes. However, most of the gene trees are constrained by the tree topology of the underlying species tree, that is, the phylogenetic tree depicting the evolutionary history of the set of species under consideration.

Temporal gene expression during asexual development of the apicomplexan .

Unlabelled: Asexual replication in the apicomplexan involves two main developmental stages: the motile extracellular merozoite and the sessile intracellular schizont. Merozoites invade host cells and transform into schizonts that undergo replication via endopolygeny to form multiple (64) daughter merozoites that are invasive to new host cells. Given that the capabilities of the merozoite vary significantly from the schizont, the patterns of transcript levels throughout the asexual lifecycle were determined and compared in this study.

Immune-Related Gene Profiles and Differential Expression in the Grey Garden Slug Infected with the Parasitic Nematode .

The grey garden slug (), a common terrestrial slug native to Europe with a global distribution including North America, is commonly considered the most severe slug pest in agriculture. The nematode , which has been used in the U.K.