The estimation of health state utility values for psychological distress in Australia: Implications for future economic evaluations.

Objectives: Psychological distress is a state of emotional suffering and discomfort that often manifests as anxiety, depression, or other mental health symptoms, impairing daily functioning, and hindering concentration, relationships, and work or school performance. We aimed to examine the disutility associated with psychological distress.

Methods: We utilized longitudinal data obtained from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey.

Cuneus atrophy and Parkinsonian phenoconversion in cognitively unimpaired patients with isolated REM sleep behavior disorder.

Isolated rapid-eye-movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is a strong predictor of Parkinson's disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies. Previous studies indicate that cortical atrophy in iRBD patients may be linked to cognitive impairment, but the pattern of atrophy is inconsistently reported. This study aimed to elucidate cortical atrophy patterns in a cognitively unimpaired iRBD cohort, focusing on regions associated with cognitive functions, particularly the cuneus/precuneus, and evaluated the predictive value for future phenoconversion.

Long-duration type 1 diabetes is associated with deficient cortical bone mechanical behavior and altered matrix composition in human femoral bone.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with an increased risk of hip fracture beyond what can be explained by reduced bone mineral density, possibly due to changes in bone material from accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and altered matrix composition, though data from human cortical bone in T1D are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate cortical bone material behavior in T1D by examining specimens from cadaveric femora from older adults with long-duration T1D (≥50 years; n = 20) and age- and sex-matched non-diabetic controls (n = 14). Cortical bone was assessed by mechanical testing (4-point bending, cyclic reference point indentation, impact microindentation), AGE quantification (total fluorescent AGEs, pentosidine, carboxymethyl-lysine (CML)), and matrix composition via Raman spectroscopy.

The Physiome Project and Digital Twins.

Interest in the concept of a virtual human model that can encompass human physiology and anatomy on a biophysical (mechanistic) basis, and can assist with the clinical diagnosis and treatment of disease, appears to be growing rapidly around the globe. When such models are personalised and coupled with continual diagnostic measurements, they are called 'digital twins'. We argue here that the most useful form of virtual human model will be one that is constrained by the laws of physics, contains a comprehensive knowledge graph of all human physiology and anatomy, is multiscale in the sense of linking systems physiology down to protein function, and can to some extent be personalized and linked directly with clinical records.