VDAC2 and Bak scarcity in liver mitochondria enables targeting hepatocarcinoma while sparing hepatocytes.

Differences between normal tissues and invading tumors that allow tumor targeting while saving normal tissue are much sought after. Here we show that scarcity of VDAC2, and the consequent lack of Bak recruitment to mitochondria, renders hepatocyte mitochondria resistant to permeabilization by truncated Bid (tBid), a Bcl-2 Homology 3 (BH3)-only, Bcl-2 family protein. Increased VDAC2 and Bak is found in most human liver cancers and mitochondria from tumors and hepatic cancer cell lines exhibit VDAC2- and Bak-dependent tBid sensitivity.

Untargeted metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis in spring and durum wheat reveals potential mechanisms associated with the early stem solidness phenotype and resistance to wheat stem sawfly.

Wheat stem sawfly (WSS) causes devastating yield loss in both common bread wheat ( L.) and durum wheat ( L. var ) in the North American Great Plains.

Multispectral Imaging of Intrinsic Metabolic Fluorophores: Detection of Human Breast Cancer in Fresh Ex Vivo Specimens.

A growing number of women develop breast cancer and require surgery. Many lumpectomies lead to follow-up procedures after the initial surgery. Advanced scanning technologies have reduced the number of second and third surgeries, but only by about 50%.

Do Physicians Remember Cases? Implications for Longitudinal Designs in Medical Research and Competency Assessment.

Background: In pathology and other specialties of diagnostic medicine, longitudinal studies and competency assessments often involve physicians interpreting the same images multiple times. In these designs, a washout period is used to reduce the chances that later interpretations are influenced by prior exposure.

Objective/s: The present study examines whether a washout period between 9-39 months is sufficient to prevent three effects of prior exposure when pathologists review digital breast tissue biopsies and render diagnostic decisions: faster case review durations, higher confidence, and lower perceived difficulty.

Assessing the Experiences of Sexual and Gender Minority Applicants to Orthopaedic Surgery Residency.

Introduction: The rate of sexual and gender minority (SGM) orthopaedic surgeons is far less than in other specialties, and the field has, in part, had significant difficulty attracting SGM applicants. To provide a more welcoming environment, identifying where applicants experience discrimination along medical training must be of paramount concern. Our objective was to understand the challenges faced by SGM medical students applying into orthopaedic surgery.