Approaches to considering sex and gender in continuous professional development for health and social care professionals: An emerging paradigm.

Consideration of sex and gender in research and clinical practice is necessary to redress health inequities and reduce knowledge gaps. As all health professionals must maintain and update their skills throughout their career, developing innovative continuing professional education programs that integrate sex and gender issues holds great promise for reducing these gaps. This article proposes new approaches to partnership, team development, pedagogical theory, content development, evaluation and data management that will advance the integration of sex and gender in continuing professional development (CPD).

Techniques, complications, and pitfalls of endoscopic saphenectomy for coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

Objectives: The purpose of the present paper is to discuss technical features of endoscopic saphenectomy with CO2 insufflation for CABG surgery and to highlight special situations in which to avoid potential pitfalls that may be encountered.

Methods: The initial section describes the approaches used with endoscopic saphenectomy with insufflation of CO2 at the Montreal Heart Institute and the Wausau Heart Institute, which can be used by operators with different levels of experience. The following sections expose numerous intraoperative tricks and maneuvers to facilitate the procedure.

Cell cycle control mechanisms in B-1 and B-2 lymphoid subsets.

An effective humoral response requires that a given B lymphocyte population express a repertoire of receptors capable of recognizing a distinct array of antigens, while at the same time disregarding self-antigens. Mature B cells interacting with antigen via their B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) enter G(1) phase of the cell cycle and, depending on the strength of the signal, can commit to S phase entry. Input from co-receptors, which may function to either enhance or inhibit BCR signals, also influence the decision to proliferate.