Kilo-Scale GMP Synthesis of Renewable Semisynthetic Vaccine-Grade Squalene.

Emulsions of the triterpene squalene ((6,10,14,18)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene, CAS 111-02-4) have been used as adjuvants in influenza vaccines since the 1990s. Traditionally sourced from shark liver oil, the overfishing of sharks and concomitant reduction in the oceanic shark population raises sustainability issues for vaccine adjuvant grade squalene. We report a semisynthetic route to squalene meeting current pharmacopeial specifications for use in vaccines that leverages the ready availability of -β-farnesene ((6)-7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene, CAS 18794-84-8), manufactured from sustainable sugarcane via a yeast fermentation process.

Shifts in the incidence of shark bites and efficacy of beach-focussed mitigation in Australia.

Shark-human interactions are some of the most pervasive human-wildlife conflicts, and their frequencies are increasing globally. New South Wales (Australia) was the first to implement a broad-scale program of shark-bite mitigation in 1937 using shark nets, which expanded in the late 2010s to include non-lethal measures. Using 196 unprovoked shark-human interactions recorded in New South Wales since 1900, we show that bites shifted from being predominantly on swimmers to 79 % on surfers by the 1980s and increased 2-4-fold.

Psychopharmacology attitudes, beliefs, and practices among systemic family therapists and supervisors.

Many aspects of systemic family therapist (SFT) training and competence play a vital role in effective treatment and professional satisfaction. One area that has been significantly overlooked by many SFTs is the role of psychotropic medication (PM) in conjunction with talk therapy for optimal mental health outcomes. This study explores the current status of PM in SFT training and clinical practice.

Body size dictates physiological and behavioural responses to hypoxia and elevated water temperatures in Murray cod ().

Increasing drought frequency and duration pose a significant threat to fish species in dryland river systems. As ectotherms, fish thermal and hypoxia tolerances directly determine the capacity of species to persist in these environments during low flow periods when water temperatures are high and waterbodies become highly stratified. Chronic thermal stress can compound the impacts of acute hypoxic events on fish resulting in significant fish mortality; however, it is not known if all size classes are equally susceptible, or if the allometric scaling of physiological processes means some size classes are disproportionately affected.

Source, fate and management of recreational fishing marine debris.

Marine debris, directly and indirectly, threatens marine habitat and biota. Fishing activity is generally recognised as a contributor to marine debris, but the relative input from recreational fishing remains unassessed. Here we provide the first comprehensive literature review of recreational fishing marine debris (RFMD) on a global scale.