Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers.

Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago.

Uptake and toxicity of arsenic, copper, and silicon in Azolla caroliniana and Lemna minor.

Here we report on the analysis of two aquatic plant species, Azolla caroliniana and Lemna minor, with respect to tolerance and uptake of co-occurring arsenic, copper, and silicon for use in engineered wetlands. Plants were cultured in nutrient solution that was amended with arsenic (0 or 20 microM), copper (2 or 78 microM), and silicon (0 or 1.8 mM) either singly or in combination.

Fecal Bacteriotherapy for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: What's Old Is New Again?

In recent years, effective management of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has emerged as an important issue for those clinicians who treat patients with CDI. In addition to antibiotic-based therapies, including alternating use, chaser, and tapering protocols, interest has increased in the potential utility of a variety of nonantibiotic forms of adjunctive therapy. Among these alternative forms of treatment, the concept of transferring extracts of a stool from donors to patients with CDI has been met with great interest among researchers, clinicians, and patients alike.