Comprehensive review of post-treatment imaging in head and neck cancers: from expected to unexpected and beyond.

Head and neck cancer management requires multidisciplinary approach in which radical surgery with or without flap reconstructions and neck dissection, along with radiotherapy (RT)/chemoradiotherapy (CRT) serve as the key components. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy are used in selected cases based on the institutional preference. Knowledge of expected post-treatment changes on imaging is essential to differentiate it from recurrence.

Catheter-associated Bloodstream Infection in Children with Tunneled Central Venous Catheters: A Single-center Experience.

Background: Tunnelled catheters improve venous access in haematological diseases and malignancies, but are associated with complications. We prospectively analysed the episodes of CABSI and its associated risk factors.

Aims: To study the incidence and risk factors for CABSI in children with tunnelled central venous catheters (both Hickmans and Chemoports).

Adjuvant therapy for intermediate risk factors in oral cancer: Can we reach a consensus?

Oral carcinoma is a common disease that poses challenges in treatment management, especially for advanced cases. Adjuvant therapies, such as radiation and chemoradiation therapy, are typically used for advanced oral cancer patients. However, there is uncertainty regarding the use of adjuvant therapy for early-stage patients with certain soft histological parameters.

Imaging Recommendations for Diagnosis and Management of Primary Parathyroid Pathologies: A Comprehensive Review.

Parathyroid pathologies are suspected based on the biochemical alterations and clinical manifestations, and the predominant roles of imaging in primary hyperparathyroidism are localisation of tumour within parathyroid glands, surgical planning, and to look for any ectopic parathyroid tissue in the setting of recurrent disease. This article provides a comprehensive review of embryology and anatomical variations of parathyroid glands and their clinical relevance, surgical anatomy of parathyroid glands, differentiation between multiglandular parathyroid disease, solitary adenoma, atypical parathyroid tumour, and parathyroid carcinoma. The roles, advantages and limitations of ultrasound, four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT), radiolabelled technetium-99 (Tc) sestamibi or dual tracer Tc pertechnetate and Tc-sestamibi with or without single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or SPECT/CT, dynamic enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (4DMRI), and fluoro-choline positron emission tomography (F-FCH PET) or [C] Methionine (C -MET) PET in the management of parathyroid lesions have been extensively discussed in this article.

Transplanting Livers in Young Children - Looking Back at 100 Cases.

Introduction: Despite advances in medical therapy, liver replacement continues to be the only definitive mode of therapy for children with end-stage liver disease (ESLD). However, its acceptance in India has been discouraging more due to financial and logistic reasons than the availability of expertise. This report outlines our journey and highlights issues pertinent to circumstances in an emerging economy like India.

Comprehensive Review of the Imaging Recommendations for Diagnosis, Staging, and Management of Thyroid Carcinoma.

Thyroid cancer is the most common head and neck cancer (HNC) in the world. In this article, we comprehensively cover baseline, posttreatment, and follow-up imaging recommendations for thyroid carcinomas along with the eighth edition of the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system proposed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). We include characterization and risk stratification of thyroid nodules on ultrasound (US) proposed by various international bodies.

N0 neck trial: Does intensification of follow-up (Ultrasound + Physical Examination) influence outcomes in early-stage oral cancer?

Aim Of The Study: We previously reported a survival benefit of elective neck dissection (END) over therapeutic neck dissection (TND) in patients with clinically node-negative early-stage oral cancer. We now report the results of the second question in the same study addressing the impact of adding neck ultrasound to physical examination during follow-up on outcomes.

Methods: Patients with lateralized T1/T2 oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were randomized to END or TND and to follow-up with physical-examination plus neck ultrasound (PE+US) versus physical-examination (PE).

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: A Focused Review of the Physical Methods of Permeation Enhancement.

The skin is the body's largest organ and serves as a site of administration for various medications. Transdermal drug delivery systems have several advantages over traditional delivery systems. It has both local and systemic therapeutic properties.

Redo Surgeries in Anorectal Malformations: A Single-center Experience.

Aims And Objectives: Complications following posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) for ARM are well known. In this article, we present our experience of managing five patients who required major redo surgeries for complications resulting from previous attempts to correct ARM.

Materials And Methods: We reviewed all patients who underwent major redo surgeries in our hospital for complications from previous repairs for ARM, from June 2013 to June 2019.

Are physical activity and sleep associated with emotional self-regulation in toddlers? a cross-sectional study.

Background: Toddlerhood (2-3 years) is a crucial period for the development of physical activity, sleep, and emotional self-regulation skills. Although there is growing evidence of positive associations between physical activity, sleep, and emotional self-regulation in school-aged children, the associations in toddlers remain unclear. Thus, this study aimed to examine the association between physical activity, sleep, and emotional self-regulation in toddlers.

Association between physical activity and self-regulation in early childhood: A systematic review.

Physical activity and self-regulation are important predictors of pediatric overweight and obesity. Young children (0-5 years) with lower physical activity levels and poorer self-regulation skills are at greater risk for overweight. Despite growing evidence that the two constructs are interrelated, their association remains unclear in young children.

Plastination - A method for preservation of oral hard and soft tissue biopsy specimen v/s the conventional method of preservation with formalin.

Context: Plastination is one of the most advanced method for preserving perishable biological specimen as well as tissue samples as for a longer period of time using polymers.

Aims: To evaluate the changes in dimension of hard and soft tissue specimens after plastination procedure and compare it with the conventional method of preservation in formalin.

Settings And Design: Institution-based retrospective study.

Role of computed tomography in the evaluation of regional metastasis in well-differentiated thyroid cancer.

Background: Accurate neck staging is essential for performing appropriate surgery and avoiding undue morbidity in thyroid cancer. The modality of choice for evaluation is ultrasonography (US), which has limitations, particularly in the central compartment, that can be overcome by adding a computed tomography (CT).

Methods: A total of 314 nodal levels were analyzed in 43 patients with CT, and US; evaluations were done between January 2013 and November 2015.

Laryngeal Cyst in Children : A Retrospective Analysis.

Unlabelled: : To study the presentation, management and outcome of laryngeal cysts in children. : This is a retrospective observational study of children with Laryngeal cysts who were managed in the Department of Paediatric Surgery between April 2015 to Jan 2022. : Eight children with laryngeal cysts were included, 5 were girls.

Sestamibi-guided thoracoscopic excision of functional mediastinal parathyroid adenoma in a child: A case report and review of literature.

Primary hyperparathyroidism secondary to ectopic parathyroid (in anterior mediastinum) is rare in children. We report the case of a 12-year-old girl with a history of multiple fractures, renal calculi and limb deformities. She was diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism secondary to an intrathymic parathyroid adenoma.

Lenvatinib as a Promising Treatment Option for Unresectable Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report.

Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) of the thyroid gland generally has a more aggressive clinical course than other differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs), and it is associated with a higher rate of distant metastases. In this case report, we highlight the importance of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as a management strategy for unresectable DTCs. Surgical management is challenging if the cancer is locally advanced and invades major neck structures with an increased risk of recurrence.

Imaging of Neck Nodes in Head and Neck Cancers - a Comprehensive Update.

Cervical lymph node metastases from head and neck squamous cell cancers significantly reduce disease-free survival and worsen overall prognosis and, hence, deserve more aggressive management and follow-up. As per the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging manual, extranodal extension, especially in human papillomavirus-negative cancers, has been incorporated in staging as it is important in deciding management and significantly impacts the outcome of head and neck squamous cell cancer. Lymph node imaging with various radiological modalities, including ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, has been widely used, not only to demonstrate nodal involvement but also for guided histopathological evaluation and therapeutic intervention.

Weekly versus 3-weekly cisplatin along with radiotherapy for locoregionally advanced non-nasopharyngeal head and neck cancers: Is the equipoise in literature addressed yet?

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with 3-weekly cisplatin 100 mg/m has been the standard of care for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer (LA-HNC) with level I evidence. While the outcomes in terms of efficacy have been well established, the toxicity profile, compliance, and real-world applicability has been an area of ongoing concern for this regimen, leading the oncologists to explore weekly cisplatin chemoradiotherapy regimen to potentially address the issue. A review of literature was conducted in Pubmed, Scopus, and Medline to compare and evaluate the present role of weekly cisplatin chemotherapy along with radiotherapy versus 3-weekly cisplatin chemotherapy along with radiotherapy in both adjuvant and definitive settings for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancers.

Role of miR-944/MMP10/AXL- axis in lymph node metastasis in tongue cancer.

Occult lymph-node metastasis is a crucial predictor of tongue cancer mortality, with an unmet need to understand the underlying mechanism. Our immunohistochemical and real-time PCR analysis of 208 tongue tumors show overexpression of Matrix Metalloproteinase, MMP10, in 86% of node-positive tongue tumors (n = 79; p < 0.00001).

Concealed Penile Duplication - Presenting Late.

We report a case of concealed penile duplication without many symptoms and normally looking external genitalia in a 10-year-old boy. He was evaluated with appropriate imaging and had successful surgical reconstruction of his genitalia with good cosmesis and functional outcome.

Type 1 interferon suppresses expression and glucocorticoid induction of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ).

SLE is a systemic multi-organ autoimmune condition associated with reduced life expectancy and quality of life. Glucocorticoids (GC) are heavily relied on for SLE treatment but are associated with detrimental metabolic effects. Type 1 interferons (IFN) are central to SLE pathogenesis and may confer GC insensitivity.