Salmonellosis in Poland in 2021.

Aim: The aim of the article is to present and assess the epidemiological situation of salmonellosis in Poland in 2021, in relation to previous years.

Material And Methods: The assessment of the epidemiological situation of salmonellosis in Poland was made on the basis of individual data on salmonellosis cases, entered by sanitary-epidemiological stations into the EpiBaza System, data on outbreaks caused by Salmonella bacilli from the Registry of Epidemic Outbreaks System (ROE), as well as on the basis of aggregated data published in the annual bulletins "Infectious Diseases and Poisoning in Poland" (NIPH NIH - NRI, GIS, Warsaw), including information sent by laboratories of sanitary-epidemiological stations, data from the article on the epidemiological situation of salmonellosis in Poland in 2020 and data from the Demographic Research Department of the Central Statistical Office.

Results: In 2021, in Poland sanitary-epidemiological stations registered 8,294 cases of salmonellosis - 8,014 cases of intestinal salmonellosis and 280 extra-intestinal salmonellosis, including 190 cases of salmonellosis septicemia.

Infectious diseases in Poland in 2021.

OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK. As 2021 was the second year of COVID-19 pandemic we expect the continuous impact of the pandemic on other infectious diseases. We aimed at reviewing the national infectious surveillance data based on available surveillance reports (Epidemiological Chronicle) to summarize the infectious disease situation in 2021.

Foodborne botulism in Poland in 2018-2021.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the epidemiological situation of foodborne botulism in Poland in 2018-2021, compared to previous years.

Materials And Methods: The assessment is based on an analysis of aggregated surveillance data from the annual bulletin "Infectious Diseases and Poisons in Poland" from 2013-2021, as well as botulism case reports collected by sanitary-epidemiological stations and sent to the Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance of the NIPH NIH - NRI or provided by EpiBase.

Results: A total of 54 foodborne botulism cases were registered between 2018 and 2021, including 31 (57.

Tough Clinical Decisions: Experiences of Polish Physicians.

The paper reports results of the very first survey-based study on the prevalence, frequency and nature of ethical or other non-medical difficulties faced by Polish physicians in their everyday clinical practice. The study involved 521 physicians of various medical specialties, practicing mainly in inpatient healthcare. The study showed that the majority of Polish physicians encounter ethical and other non-medical difficulties in making clinical decisions.

Salmonellosis in Poland in 2020.

Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological situation of salmonellosis in Poland in 2020 compared with previous years.

Material And Methods: The epidemiological situation was assessed on the basis of data provided to the Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance of the NIPH NIH-NRI by sanitary-epidemiological stations through the EpiBaza System and the Registry of Epidemic Outbreaks System (ROE), as well as on the basis of data published in the annual bulletin "Infectious Diseases and Poisoning in Poland in 2020" (NIPH NIH-NRI, GIS, Warsaw, 2021) and from information received from laboratories of sanitary-epidemiological stations and data from the Demographic Research Department of the Statistics Poland.

Results: In Poland in 2020, in the sanitary-epidemiological surveillance registered a total of 5,470 cases of salmonellosis, 5,302 cases of intestinal salmonellosis, and the remaining 168 cases of extra-intestinal salmonellosis.

Infectious diseases in Poland in 2020.

Objective Of The Work: The article reviews the main problems of the epidemiology of infectious diseases in Poland in 2020. It summarizes relevant findings from the national infectious disease surveillance system.

Material And Methods: The data contained in this article come from the reports collected by the State Sanitary Inspection on cases of notifiable infectious diseases notified by clinicians and/or laboratories.

Clinical Ethics Consultations in the Opinion of Polish Physicians.

Clinical Ethics Consultations (CEC) are an important tool for physicians in solving difficult cases. They are extremely common in North America and to a lesser extent also present in Europe. However, there is little data on this practice in Poland.

Salmonellosis in Poland in 2018 and 2019.

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the epidemiological situation of salmonellosis in Poland, in 2018 and 2019 compared with previous years.

Material And Methods: The assessment of the epidemiological situation was performed on the basis of data provided to the Department of Epidemiology Infectious Diseases and Surveillance of NIPH NIH - NRI by sanitary-epidemiological stations through the Epidemiological Case Reporting System (SRWE) and the Registry of Epidemic Outbreaks (ROE), as well as on the basis of data from the annual bulletins "Infectious Diseases and Poisonings in Poland" 2018 and 2019 (NIPH NIH - NRI, GIS, Warsaw, 2019 and 2020) and from information received from laboratories of sanitary-epidemiological stations and data from the Demographic Research Department of Statistics Poland (GIS).

Results: In Poland in 2018 a total of 9,957 cases of salmonellosis were reported in the sanitaryepidemiological surveillance, among these infections 9,651 were cases of intestinal salmonellosis, 306 were cases of extraintestinal salmonellosis.

Infectious diseases in Poland in 2019.

Objective Of The Work: The article reviews the main problems of the epidemiology of infectious diseases in Poland. It is an introduction to the Epidemiological Chronicle presented annually in the Epidemiological Review.

Material And Methods: The data contained in this article come from the reports of the State Sanitary Inspectorate collected as part of routine epidemiological surveillance.

Infectious diseases in Poland in 2018.

Objective Of The Article: The introductory text to the Epidemiological Chronicle (EC) of the Epidemiological Review contains data on the incidence of infectious and parasitic diseases in Poland in 2018 compared to 2017 data and medians from 2012-2016. It is a general overview of the epidemiological situation of infectious and parasitic diseases in Poland. With regard to selected diseases, widening and deepening picture is in the content of remaining articles of the epidemiological chronicle.

Infectious diseases in Poland in 2017.

Objective Of The Work: The article contains an overview of epidemiological surveillance data on infectious diseases in Poland in 2017 with reference to data from 2016 and median from 2011-2015. This is another introductory article to the systematically conducted Epidemiological Chronicle of Epidemiological Review presenting the current epidemiological situation of selected infectious diseases. In justified cases, eg by cross-border threats, the study includes references to the epidemiological situation in other countries.

Hepatitis B in Poland in 2016.

Objective: Evaluation of the epidemiological situation of hepatitis B in Poland in 2016 compared to the situation in previous years.

Material And Methods: The epidemiological situation was assessed based on the results of the analysis of individual data on hepatitis B cases and HBV infections registered by Local Sanitary- Epidemiological Stations in the central database using Epidemiological Interview Registration System (SRWE). Aggregate data published in the annual bulletins “Infectious Diseases and Poisonings in Poland” and “Vaccinations in Poland” were also used.

Salmonellosis in Poland in 2015 and 2016.

The Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological situation of salmonellosis in 2015-2016 in Poland, compared to the previous years.

Material And Methods: The assessment of the epidemiological situation was performed on the basis of data from bulletins “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland”, information from the laboratories of Sanitaryepidemiological Stations and data from epidemiological investigations of outbreaks which were provided by Sanitary-epidemiological Stations through the Register of Epidemic Outbreaks (ROE) to the Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance as well as data from the Department of Demographic Studies of the Central Statistical Office. Cases were classified according to the implemented case definitions.

Salmonellosis in Poland in 2017.

Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological situation of salmonellosis in 2017 in Poland compared to the previous years.

Material And Methods: The assessment of the epidemiological situation was performed on the basis of data submitted to the Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance NIPH-NIH by sanitaryepidemiological stations by means of the Epidemiological Case Reporting System (SRWE) and the Registry of Epidemic Outbreaks (ROE), along with data from the annual bulletin “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2017” (NIPH-NIH, CSI, Warsaw 2018), and information from the laboratories of Sanitary epidemiological Stations as well as data from the Department of Demographic Studies of the Central Statistical Office.

Results: In 2017, 10 000 cases of Salmonella infection were registered in Poland, 9 710 were cases of intestinal salmonellosis, 290 were forms of extraintestinal salmonellosis.

Foodborne botulism in Poland in 2017.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the epidemiological situation of foodborne botulism in Poland in 2017 compared to previous years.

Materials And Methods: The assessment is based on national surveillance data on foodborne botulism cases available in the annual bulletin “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2017” and in previous publications, as well as data from botulism case reports for 2017 submitted by Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations to the Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance NIPH-NIH.

Results: In 2017, a total of 24 foodborne botulism cases have been reported including 14 with laboratory confirmation of botulism intoxication.

Infectious diseases in Poland in 2016.

Objective Of The Article: This is for the year 2016 subsequent annual analysis of the situation of infectious and parasitic diseases in Poland as part of the Epidemiological Chronicle of the Epidemiological Review. Its purpose is to summarize the collective incidence of infectious diseases and to indicate potential threats to the health of populations from communicable diseases occurring in Poland.

Material And Methods: The basic source of epidemiological information for this summary is a summary of data from reports of the State Sanitary Inspection, contained in the annual bulletins “Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland in 2016” and “Protective Vaccination in Poland in 2016” (1, 2).

Foodborne botulism in Poland in 2016.

Objectives: The main aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological situation of foodborne botulism in Poland in 2016 compared to previous years.

Materials And Methods: In this assessment we reviewed national surveillance data on foodborne botulism cases published in the annual bulletin “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2016” and in previous publications, as well as unpublished data retrieved from botulism case reports for 2016 sent from Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations to the Department of Epidemiology NIPH-NIH.

Results: In 2016, a total of 26 foodborne botulism cases (including 18 laboratory confirmed) were reported and the annual incidence rate (0.

Hepatitis B in Poland in 2015.

Objective: Assessment of the epidemiological situation of hepatitis B in Poland in 2015 in relation to previous years.

Material And Methods: Evaluation of the epidemiological situation carried out based on analysis of data from individual reports on acute hepatitis B cases registered by the sanitary-epidemiological stations, aggregate data published in annual bulletins “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland” and data from annual bulletin “Vaccinations in Poland”.

Results: In total, 3 518 cases of hepatitis B were registered in 2015, including 24 cases of HBV/ HCV co-infections.

Foodborne botulism in Poland in 2015.

Objective: The aim of this article is to assess the epidemiology of foodborne botulism in Poland in 2015 compared to previous years

Materials And Methods: We reviewed (1) national surveillance data published in the annual bulletin “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2015” and in previous publications, and (2) unpublished data retrieved from botulism case reports for 2015 sent from Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations to the Department of Epidemiology NIPH-NIH.

Results: In 2015, a total of 30 foodborne botulism cases (including 18 laboratory confirmed) was reported; the annual incidence rate (0.08 per 100,000 population) was remarkably similar to that reported in previous year and to the median incidence for years 2009 to 2013.

Infectious diseases in Poland in 2015.

Purpose Of The Study: This is the next annual analysis of the situation of infectious and parasitic diseases in Poland in 2015 within the framework of the Epidemiological Chronicle of Przegląd Epidemiologiczny - Epidemiological Review. Its purpose is to identify potential threats to the health of populations from infectious diseases occurring in Poland with reference to other parts of the globe.

Material And Methods: This paper is an introduction to more detailed studies of the epidemiological situation of selected infectious diseases and summarizes the results of the surveillance of infectious diseases in Poland in 2015.

Influenza in Poland in 2013 and 2013/2014 epidemic season.

Objective: Analysis of epidemiological situation of influenza in Poland in 2013 and 2013/14 epidemic season in reference to previous years and seasons.

Material And Methods: Analysis was based on: 1) data collected within influenza routine surveillance system in Poland, including data published in annual bulletins “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland” as well as unpublished data gathered in the Department of Epidemiology of the NIPH-NIH; 2) data collected within influenza system - Sentinel, and beyond this system, concerning results of virological tests carried out in 2013/14 epidemic season in the Department of Influenza Research, National Influenza Center in the NIPHNIH and/or laboratories of provincial sanitary and epidemiological stations which are gathered in the National Influenza Center.

Results: Compared to 2012, the number of influenza and influenza-like cases increased more than twofold in 2013 in Poland.

Salmonellosis in Poland in 2014.

Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological situation of salmonellosis in Poland in 2014 in comparison to the previous years.

Material And Methods: The evaluation was based on the data from the bulletin “Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland 2014”, information from the laboratories of sanitary-epidemiological stations and reports from the epidemiological investigations in outbreaks of salmonellosis, sent by the sanitary-epidemiological stations to the Department of Epidemiology, as well as the data from the Department of Demographic Studies of the Central Statistical Office. Cases were classified according to the definitions adopted in the UE.

Hepatitis B in Poland in 2014.

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the epidemiological situation of hepatitis B in Poland in 2014 in comparison with the previous years.

Material And Methods: The evaluation of the epidemiological situation was carried out on a basis of analysis of data from case-based reports on acute hepatitis B registered by sanitary and epidemiological stations, aggregate data derived from annual bulletins “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland”, data from annual bulletin “Vaccinations in Poland” and data on locally registered HBsAg carriers.

Results: In 2014, a total of 2,763 cases of hepatitis B were registered, including 36 cases of HBV and HCV co-infections.

Foodborne botulism in Poland in 2014.

Objectives: The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiology of foodborne botulism in Poland in 2014 compared to previous years.

Materials And Methods: We reviewed (1) surveillance data published in the annual bulletin “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2014” and in previous publications, and (2) unpublished data retrieved from botulism case reports for 2014 sent to the Department of Epidemiology NIPH-NIH by Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations.

Results: In 2014, a total of 29 foodborne botulism cases (including 17 laboratory confirmed) was reported; the annual incidence rate (0.

Scarlet fever in Poland in 2014.

Objective: Assessment of the epidemiological situation of scarlet fever in Poland in 2014.

Materials And Methods: The evaluation was performed by reviewing surveillance data published in the bulletin “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2014” as well as in previous bulletins, and unpublished data collected under Statistical survey program of official statistics. These data relate to cases of scarlet fever registered by health sanitary inspection on the basis of statutory notification of scarlet fever reported by physicians.