Impacts of Behavioral, Organizational, and Spatial Factors on the Carbon Footprint of Traditional Retail and E-commerce in the Paris Region.

Carbon footprint assessment of retail is necessary to optimize procurement strategies and adopt sustainable shopping habits. However, estimating carbon footprints is a complex task, given the diversity of existing distribution channels. Average values for carbon emissions of "conventional" retail (i.

Toward reference intervals for shellfish: An illustrative case of feeding and respiratory activities in the Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas.

Background: The Quality Assurance and Laboratory Standards Committee of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology and the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute provide a framework for establishing reference intervals of physiological parameters in reputedly healthy individuals, humans, and terrestrial animals, respectively. This framework was applied for the first time to the Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Reference intervals (RIs) would, first, be of interest for research purposes, including pathophysiology studies.

Harmful or harmless: Biological effects of marennine on marine organisms.

Marennine is a water-soluble blue-green pigment produced by the marine diatom Haslea ostrearia. The diatom and its pigment are well known from oyster farming areas as the source of the greening of oyster gills, a natural process increasing their market value in Western France. Blooms of blue Haslea are also present outside oyster ponds and hence marine organisms can be exposed, periodically and locally, to significant amounts of marennine in natural environments.

Antimicrobial Compounds from Eukaryotic Microalgae against Human Pathogens and Diseases in Aquaculture.

The search for novel compounds of marine origin has increased in the last decades for their application in various areas such as pharmaceutical, human or animal nutrition, cosmetics or bioenergy. In this context of blue technology development, microalgae are of particular interest due to their immense biodiversity and their relatively simple growth needs. In this review, we discuss about the promising use of microalgae and microalgal compounds as sources of natural antibiotics against human pathogens but also about their potential to limit microbial infections in aquaculture.

Ostreid herpesvirus 1 detection and relationship with Crassostrea gigas spat mortality in France between 1998 and 2006.

Since its molecular characterisation, Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) has been regularly detected in Crassostrea gigas in France. Although its pathogenicity was demonstrated on larval stages, its involvement during mortality outbreaks at the juvenile stage was highly suspected but not evidenced. To investigate mortality outbreaks, the French National Network for Surveillance and Monitoring of Mollusc Health (REPAMO) carried out two surveys in juvenile C.

Can the protozoan parasite Bonamia ostreae infect larvae of flat oysters Ostrea edulis?

Bonamia ostreae is an intracellular protistan parasite affecting flat oysters Ostrea edulis. It can be detected in juveniles but mortalities mainly affect oysters which are more than 2 years old. The parasite is usually observed inside haemocytes and sometimes free, notably in gill epithelia suggesting a parasite release through this organ.

Molecular detection and quantification of the protozoan Bonamia ostreae in the flat oyster, Ostrea edulis.

Bonamia ostreae is an intracellular protozoan which is recognized as a cause of mortality in European populations of flat oysters (Ostrea edulis). Based on the recent characterization of actin genes of B. ostreae, specific primers were designed for real-time PCR using SYBR Green chemistry.