Coldwater fish in a warm water world: Implications for predation of salmon smolts during estuary transit.

Predator-prey systems face intensifying pressure from human exploitation and a warming climate with implications for where and how natural resource management can successfully intervene. We hypothesized young salmon migrating to the Pacific Ocean face a seasonally intensifying predator gauntlet when warming water temperature intensifies a multiple predator effect (MPE) from Striped Bass and Largemouth Bass . We evaluated this hypothesis using data synthesis and simulation modeling.