Biopsychosocial factors associated with complications in patients with frostbite.

Cold weather injuries can be devastating and life changing. Biopsychosocial factors such as homelessness and mental illness (especially substance use disorders [SUDs]) are known risk factors for incurring frostbite. Based on clinical experience in an urban level 1 trauma center, we hypothesized that complications following frostbite injury would be influenced by homelessness, SUDs, and other forms of mental illness.