Chest tube placement in children during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

Background: Pleural collections of air and fluid are frequent in infants and children treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In this anticoagulated population, chest tube placement is potentially hazardous, and catastrophic hemorrhage has been reported. We sought to define the risks associated with chest tube placement in a large population of children managed with ECMO.

Parathyroid carcinoma in a child: an unusual case of an ectopically located malignant parathyroid gland with tumor invading the thymus.

Parathyroid carcinoma is exceptionally rare in children. Parathyroid carcinoma in the pediatric population most typically presents with significant hypercalcemia and a palpable neck mass. The authors report the seventh case of parathyroid carcinoma diagnosed in a child younger than 16 years.

Seminars: controversies in the management of pediatric thyroid malignancy.

Thyroid cancer in children is a rare malignancy with unusual biological behavior. It often presents at advanced stages, yet behaves in a benign manner, when compared to its adult counterpart. Surgeons have debated the risks and benefits of aggressive surgical procedures for over a decade.