Engineering of Phytosterol-Producing Yeast Platforms for Functional Reconstitution of Downstream Biosynthetic Pathways.

As essential structural molecules for plant plasma membranes, phytosterols are key intermediates for the synthesis of many downstream specialized metabolites of pharmaceutical or agricultural significance, such as brassinosteroids and withanolides. has been widely used as an alternative producer for plant secondary metabolites. Establishment of heterologous sterol pathways in yeast, however, has been challenging due to either low efficiency or structural diversity, likely a result of crosstalk between the heterologous phytosterol and the endogenous ergosterol biosynthesis.

Comparison of in situ cone beam computed tomography scan data with ex vivo optical scan data in the measurement of root surface area.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare root surface area (RSA) measurements of single-root teeth in a sheep mandible based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) with measurements made with an optical scanner.

Study Design: Eight anterior teeth of a sheep cadaver mandible were scanned in situ by using CBCT with 3 different exposure parameters, followed by treatment with smoothing software. The teeth were then extracted and scanned individually with an optical scanner.

Topical Aluminum Chloride and Monsel's Solution Block Toluidine Blue Staining in Mohs Frozen Sections: Mechanism and Solution.

Background: A diminished-staining artifact is observed in some Mohs frozen sections that are stained in toluidine blue (T-blue). Such an artifact, not yet described in the literature, may interfere with a Mohs surgeon's accurate reading. The authors hypothesize that topical hemostatic agents, aluminum chloride, and Monsel's solution are the causative factors.

SMAP L-Band Microwave Radiometer: Instrument Design and First Year on Orbit.

The Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP) L-band microwave radiometer is a conical scanning instrument designed to measure soil moisture with 4% volumetric accuracy at 40-km spatial resolution. SMAP is NASA's first Earth Systematic Mission developed in response to its first Earth science decadal survey. Here, the design is reviewed and the results of its first year on orbit are presented.

Mandibular inferior cortical bone thickness on panoramic radiographs in patients using bisphosphonates.

Objective: The goal of this study was to detect dimensional changes in the mandibular cortical bone associated with bisphosphonate (BP) use and to correlate measurements of the cortical bone with the cumulative dose of BPs.

Study Design: Mandibular inferior cortical bone thickness (MICBT) was measured under the mental foramen on panoramic radiographs of patients with and without bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) taking BPs and controls.

Results: Patients with BRONJ had the highest mean MICBT (6.

Intraoral radiography and dental implant restoration.

The usefulness of IOR has been described along with its limitations when considering implant restorations. One major issue is the alignment of the incident x-rays so that they are consistently perpendicular to the implant body, to provide the most reliable information possible. Other limitations include inconsistencies as a result of the inability to verify the nature and extent of bone around an implant, which is subject to variation as a result of type of bone and site.

Mandibular cortical bone evaluation on cone beam computed tomography images of patients with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to develop a technique for detecting cortical bone dimensional changes in patients with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ).

Study Design: Subjects with BRONJ who had cone-beam computed tomography imaging were selected, with age- and gender-matched controls. Mandibular cortical bone measurements to detect bisphosphonate-related cortical bone changes were made inferior to mental foramen, in 3 different ways: within a fixed sized rectangle, in a rectangle varying with the cortical height, and a ratio between area and height.

Evaluating craniofacial asymmetry with digital cephalometric images and cone-beam computed tomography.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate craniofacial asymmetry by using 2-dimensional (2D) posteroanterior cephalometric images, 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and physical measurements (gold standard).

Methods: Ten dry human skulls were assessed, and radiopaque markers were placed on 17 skeletal landmarks. Twenty linear measurements were taken on each side to compare the right and left sides and to compare these measurements with the physical measurements made with a digital caliper.

Bone volume, tooth volume, and incisor relapse: a 3-dimensional analysis of orthodontic stability.

Introduction: Orthodontic relapse is a common and significant problem. Few risk factors have been identified, and the role of bone has only recently been investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of alveolar bone volume and tooth volume on dental relapse.

A descriptive study of the radiographic density of implant restorative cements.

Statement Of Problem: Cementation of implant prostheses is a common practice. Excess cement in the gingival sulcus may harm the periodontal tissues. Identification of the excess cement may be possible with the use of radiographs if the cement has sufficient radiopacity.

Adaptive response of the human dental alveolar process: correction of a Class I protrusive and mutilated dentition, with 32-year follow-up.

A healthy young woman with a severe Class I dental malocclusion and extreme maxillary arch protrusion was treated with conventional edgewise-arch fixed appliance therapy. Four first premolars were removed, and the mandibular second and third molars were moved into positions normally occupied by the mandibular first and second molars. Diagnostic records at ages 17 years 5 months, 22 years 11 months, and 54 years 8 months are presented.

A model for digital archiving of radiographs into a searchable database.

Digital images are routinely used in orthodontic practices today. Many systems and formats are available for producing, storing, retrieving, viewing, and sharing these images. The digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) standard is designed to ensure that these systems and formats are compatible, so that an image produced in a small private practice today can be viewed next year in a large hospital.

Cell-based two-region competition algorithm with a map framework for boundary delineation of a series of 2D ultrasound images.

To ensure the delineated boundaries of a series of 2-D images closely following the visually perceivable edges with high boundary coherence between consecutive slices, a cell-based two-region competition algorithm based on a maximum a posteriori (MAP) framework is proposed. It deforms the region boundary in a cell-by-cell fashion through a cell-based two-region competition process. The cell-based deformation is guided by a cell-based MAP framework with a posterior function characterizing the distribution of the cell means in each region, the salience and shape complexity of the region boundary and the boundary coherence of the consecutive slices.

Trabecular and cortical bone as risk factors for orthodontic relapse.

Introduction: Dental relapse of the mandibular incisors after orthodontic treatment is a common problem, and few risk factors have been identified. The purpose of this case-control study was to evaluate whether the amount or the structure of mandibular bone affects the potential for postorthodontic mandibular incisor relapse.

Methods: The subject sample was selected from the postretention database at the University of Washington.

Cell-competition algorithm: a new segmentation algorithm for multiple objects with irregular boundaries in ultrasound images.

Segmentation of multiple objects with irregular contours and surrounding sporadic spots is a common practice in ultrasound image analysis. A new region-based approach, called cell-competition algorithm, is proposed for simultaneous segmentation of multiple objects in a sonogram. The algorithm is composed of two essential ideas.

Amplitude-based height-reconstruction techniques for synthetic aperture ladar systems.

We examine the performance of amplitude-based height-estimation techniques for use with airborne synthetic aperture ladar (SAL) sensors in generating three-dimensional reconstructions of ground targets. Such techniques lend themselves to implementation more readily than phase-based techniques and are also more tolerant to phase instabilities that might be associated with SAL systems. For pairwise amplitude-comparison monopulse processing, we present analyses of the expected height sensitivity and bias of SAL systems in terms of the system parameters.