The Effect of Mobility Assistance Dogs on Quality of Life in Children with Physical and Neurological Impairments.

Aims: To measure the quality of life in children with impaired walking who receive a mobility assistance dog (MAD).

Methods: The parents of ten children who received a MAD completed the cerebral palsy quality of life questionnaire, before receiving their dog and at one, three, and six-month follow-up. Data were analyzed to assess changes for each participant and to the group.

Orbital magnetic resonance imaging of giant cell arteritis with ocular manifestations: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.

Objectives: We conducted a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of publications reporting the ophthalmologic presentation, clinical exam, and orbital MRI findings in patients with giant cell arteritis and ocular manifestations.

Methods: PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched up to January 16, 2022. Publications reporting patient-level data on patients with ophthalmologic symptoms, imaged with orbital MRI, and diagnosed with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis were included.

Retrospective Analysis of the Association of a Small Vestibular Aqueduct with Cochleovestibular Symptoms in a Large, Single-Center Cohort Undergoing CT.

Background And Purpose: Temporal bones in some patients with Ménière disease have demonstrated small vestibular aqueducts; however, the prevalence and clinical importance of small vestibular aqueducts remain unclear in patients without Ménière disease. This study correlates the presence of a small vestibular aqueduct with cochleovestibular symptoms.

Materials And Methods: Consecutive temporal bone CTs in adults from January to December 2020 were reviewed.

Otopathologic and Computed Tomography Correlation of Internal Auditory Canal Diverticula in Otosclerosis.

Introduction: Internal auditory canal (IAC) diverticula, also known as IAC cavitary lesions or anterior cupping of the IAC, observed in otopathologic specimens and high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scans of the temporal bone are thought to be related to otosclerosis. Herein, we examined the usefulness of CT scans in identifying diverticula and determined whether IAC diverticula are associated with otosclerosis on otopathology.

Methods: One hundred five consecutive specimens were identified from the National Temporal Bone Hearing and Balance Pathology Resource Registry.

Computed Tomography Density as a Bio-marker for Histologic Grade of Otosclerosis: A Human Temporal Bone Pathology Study.

Hypothesis: Computed tomography (CT) density measurement can be used to objectively distinguish otosclerosis from normal bone and to determine histologic grades of otosclerosis.

Background: Otosclerosis can be seen on CT as subtle radiolucent areas. An objective radiologic measurement that corresponds to known otosclerosis pathology may improve diagnostic accuracy, and could be used as a radiologic biomarker for otosclerosis grade.

Molecular immuno-imaging improves tumor detection in head and neck cancer.

Detection and accurate delineation of tumor is important for the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) but is challenging with current imaging techniques. In this study, we evaluated whether molecular immuno-imaging targeting myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, an oxidative enzyme secreted by many myeloid innate immune cells, would be superior in detecting tumor extent compared to conventional contrast agent (DTPA-Gd) in a carcinogen-induced immunocompetent HNSCC murine model and corroborated in human surgical specimens. In C57BL/6 mice given 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO), there was increased MPO activity in the head and neck region as detected by luminol bioluminescence compared to that of the control group.

Retrospective Review of Midpoint Vestibular Aqueduct Size in the 45° Oblique (Pöschl) Plane and Correlation with Hearing Loss in Patients with Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct.

Background And Purpose: Vestibular aqueduct measurements in the 45° oblique (Pöschl) plane provide a reliable depiction of the vestibular aqueduct; however, adoption among clinicians attempting to counsel patients has been limited due to the lack of correlation with audiologic measures. This study aimed to determine the correlation between midpoint vestibular aqueduct measurements in the Pöschl plane in patients with an enlarged vestibular aqueduct with repeat audiologic measures.

Materials And Methods: Two radiologists independently measured the midpoint vestibular aqueduct diameter in the Pöschl plane reformatted from CT images in 54 pediatric patients (77 ears; mean age at first audiogram, 5 years) with an enlarged vestibular aqueduct.

Diagnostic Performance of Conebeam CT Pixel Values in Active Fenestral Otosclerosis.

Background And Purpose: Quantitative bone densitometry on multidetector CT of the temporal bone is a diagnostic adjunct for otosclerosis in its active (spongiotic) phase, but translating this technique to conebeam CT is limited by the technical variability of conebeam CT pixel values. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of internally calibrated conebeam CT pixel value measurements that can enable the determination of active fenestral otosclerosis (otospongiosis).

Materials And Methods: This study included 37 ears in 22 patients with a clinical diagnosis of otospongiosis in those ears and 35 ears in 22 control patients without the diagnosis.

CT-based assessment of laryngeal fracture patterns and associated soft tissue abnormality.

Objective: Acute traumatic injuries to the larynx, including fractures of the hyoid bone, cricoid, and thyroid cartilage, are uncommon injuries. The purpose of this study was to assess fracture and soft tissue patterns associated with laryngeal trauma.

Methods: This was a retrospective review of patients with laryngeal fractures who presented to two level I trauma centers and underwent CT imaging.

Comparison of Intraoperative Sonography and Histopathologic Evaluation of Tumor Thickness and Depth of Invasion in Oral Tongue Cancer: A Pilot Study.

Background And Purpose: For primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue, accurate assessment of tumor thickness and depth of invasion is critical for staging and operative management. Currently, typical imaging modalities used for preoperative staging are CT and MR imaging. Intraoperatively, CT or MR imaging cannot provide real-time guidance, and assessment by manual palpation is limited in precision.

The Cochlear Cleft: CT Correlation With Histopathology.

Objective: To show the histologic correlate of the cochlear cleft, a small low density focus just anterior to the oval window seen on computed tomography (CT) in three temporal bone specimens.

Patients: Three temporal bone specimens donated to the National Temporal Bone Registry from patients aged 34 weeks gestation, 42 years, and 89 years with cochlear clefts seen on CT were studied.

Intervention: Review and comparison of postmortem high-resolution CT and temporal bone histopathology MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:: Correlation of CT findings with temporal bone histopathology.

Nontraumatic Head and Neck Emergencies.

Head and neck imaging is an intimidating subject for many radiologists because of the complex anatomy and potentially serious consequences of delayed or improper diagnosis of the diverse abnormalities involving this region. The purpose of this article is to help radiologists to understand the intricate anatomy of the head and neck and to review the imaging appearances of a variety of nontraumatic head and neck conditions that bring patients to the emergency department, including acute infectious and inflammatory diseases and acute complications of head and neck neoplasms. These conditions are presented in five sections on the basis of their primary location of involvement: the oral cavity and pharynx, neck, sinonasal tract, orbits, and ears.

Vestibular Aqueduct Morphology Correlates With Endolymphatic Sac Pathologies in Menière's Disease-A Correlative Histology and Computed Tomography Study.

Hypothesis: The vestibular aqueduct (VA) in Menière's disease (MD) exhibits different angular trajectories depending on the presenting endolymphatic sac (ES) pathology, i.e., 1) ES hypoplasia or 2) ES degeneration.

Individualization of Clinical Target Volume Delineation Based on Stepwise Spread of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Outcome of More Than a Decade of Clinical Experience.

Purpose: Radiation-related toxicity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is common. There are no well-established guidelines for clinical target volume (CTV) delineation with long-term follow-up. Current consensus continues to rely heavily on bony landmarks and fixed margins around the gross tumor volume (GTV), an approach used to define fields in the conventional 2- and 3-dimensional radiation therapy era.

Retrospective Review of Otic Capsule Contour and Thickness in Patients with Otosclerosis and Individuals with Normal Hearing on CT.

Background And Purpose: Otosclerosis is commonly identified on CT as a focus of hypodensity in the otic capsule anterior to the oval window. However, otosclerosis can have a sclerotic phase approximating the density of normal bone, making diagnosis challenging. This study assesses differences in otic capsule contour and thickness anterolateral to the anterior margin of the oval window in patients with otosclerosis compared with individuals with normal hearing.

Arterial Anomalies of the Middle Ear: A Pictorial Review with Clinical-Embryologic and Imaging Correlation.

The differential diagnosis of a red and/or pulsatile retrotympanic mass includes aberrant internal carotid artery, persistent stapedial artery (PSA), glomus tympanicum, and dehiscent jugular bulb. By recognizing the features of aberrant internal carotid artery and PSA on high-resolution computed tomography, these entities can be assessed by the radiologist. PSA is further classified by type because each type demonstrates a unique set of imaging features in addition to features common to all types.

Clinicopathologic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis of a Multifocal Orbital Lymphoid Tumor.

Objective: To distinguish between a multifocal orbital lymphoid tumor and a major simulator represented by a diffuse lymphaticovenous malformation.

Methods: We performed a comparison of clinical and radiographic (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) findings of these two disparate entities and demonstrated how a misdiagnosis can be prevented.

Results: Orbital lymphoid tumors develop in adults at around 60 years of age, whereas extensive lymphaticovenous malformations are generally detected in the first decade.

Noncontrast vestibular schwannoma surveillance imaging including an MR cisternographic sequence: is there a need for postcontrast imaging?

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a noncontrast MRI protocol that includes a cisternographic sequence (CISS/FIESTA/3D DRIVE) compared to a protocol that includes a gadolinium-enhanced sequence in order to determine whether a noncontrast approach could be utilized to follow vestibular schwannomas.

Methods: A total of 251 patients with vestibular schwannomas who underwent MRI of the temporal bones that included both cisternographic sequence and postcontrast T1 imaging between January 2000 and January 2016 for surveillance were included in this retrospective study. The size of the vestibular schwannomas was independently assessed on a noncontrast MR cisternographic sequence and compared to size measurements on a postcontrast sequence.

Toward Optimizing Cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (cVEMP): Combining Air-Bone Gap and cVEMP Thresholds to Improve Diagnosis of Superior Canal Dehiscence.

Objective: To develop a novel approach combining low-frequency air-bone gap (ABG) and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) thresholds to improve screening for superior canal dehiscence (SCD) syndrome.

Study Design: Retrospective study.

Setting: Tertiary care center.

Optimization of Quantitative Dynamic Postgadolinium MRI Technique Using Normalized Ratios for the Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Synovitis in Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

Background And Purpose: MR imaging has been shown to be useful in the diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint. Prior MR imaging approaches have relied mainly on the subjective interpretation of synovial enhancement as a marker for synovial inflammation. Although, more recently, several attempts have been made to quantify synovial enhancement, these methods have not taken into account the dynamic enhancement characteristics of the temporomandibular joint and the effect of sampling time.

Precurved Cochlear Implants and Tip Foldover: A Cadaveric Imaging Study.

Objective This study aims to define a reliable protocol for radiographic identification of placement and tip foldover of newly designed precurved and straight electrodes. Study Design Prospective imaging study. Setting Academic institution.

Chapter 2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck-Imaging Evaluation of Regional Lymph Nodes and Implications for Management.

The presence of cervical lymph node metastases is a major prognostic factor in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The presence of a solitary ipsilateral metastatic lymph node reduces expected survival by almost 50%, and the presence of regional metastatic nodes at the time of presentation is the strongest predictor of recurrence or the development of distant metastases or both. Therefore, accurate identification of metastatic cervical lymph nodes is essential for staging and treatment planning.

Measurement for Detection of Incomplete Partition Type II Anomalies on MR Imaging.

Background And Purpose: Incomplete partition type II of the cochlea, commonly coexisting with an enlarged vestibular aqueduct, can be a challenging diagnosis on MR imaging due to the presence of a dysplastic spiral lamina-basilar membrane neural complex, which can resemble the normal interscalar septum. The purpose of this study was to determine a reproducible, quantitative cochlear measurement to assess incomplete partition type II anomalies in patients with enlarged vestibular aqueducts using normal-hearing ears as a control population.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective analysis of 27 patients with enlarged vestibular aqueducts (54 ears) and 28 patients (33 ears) with normal audiographic findings who underwent MR imaging was performed.