A Comparison of the 2022 Versus 2011 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Web-Based Risk Estimator for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

Objective: To compare the predictive accuracy of the 2022 vs 2011 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development estimator for identifying infants at high risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).

Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective study of infants ≤28 weeks' gestation. Demographic and respiratory support data were used to calculate risk for BPD or death by the BPD estimators.

Understanding necrotizing enterocolitis endotypes and acquired intestinal injury phenotypes from a historical and artificial intelligence perspective.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains a devastating disease in preterm and term neonates. Despite significant progress made in understanding NEC pathogenesis over the last 50 years, the inability of current definitions to discriminate the various pathophysiological processes underlying NEC has led to an umbrella term that limits clinical and research progress. In this mini review, we provide a historical perspective on how NEC definitions and pathogenesis have evolved to our current understanding of NEC endotypes.

Degree of Uncertainty in Reporting Imaging Findings for Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Secondary Analysis from a Pilot Randomized Diagnostic Trial.

Diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) relies heavily on imaging, but uncertainty in the language used in imaging reports can result in ambiguity, miscommunication, and potential diagnostic errors. To determine the degree of uncertainty in reporting imaging findings for NEC, we conducted a secondary analysis of the data from a previously completed pilot diagnostic randomized controlled trial (2019-2020). The study population comprised sixteen preterm infants with suspected NEC randomized to abdominal radiographs (AXRs) or AXR + bowel ultrasound (BUS).

Current Patterns of Probiotic Use in U.S. Neonatal Intensive Care Units: A Multi-Institution Survey.

Objective: Probiotic supplementation is associated with health benefits in preterm infants. The 2021 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) statement on probiotic use advised caution, citing heterogeneity and absence of federal regulation. We assessed the impact of the AAP statement and current institution-wide patterns of probiotic use across neonatal intensive care units (NICU) across the United States.

The Detrimental Effects of Peripartum Antibiotics on Gut Proliferation and Formula Feeding Injury in Neonatal Mice Are Alleviated with GG.

Peripartum antibiotics can negatively impact the developing gut microbiome and are associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The mechanisms by which peripartum antibiotics increase the risk of NEC and strategies that can help mitigate this risk remain poorly understood. In this study, we determined mechanisms by which peripartum antibiotics increase neonatal gut injury and evaluated whether probiotics protect against gut injury potentiated by peripartum antibiotics.

Bilateral Implantation of Multifocal Intraocular Lenses: 10-Year Follow-Up.

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the long-term results after bilateral implantation of different multifocal intraocular lenses (MIOLs).

Methods: This retrospective comparative study included 42 patients who underwent cataract surgery with bilateral MIOL implantation. Patients were divided into 5 groups: Group 1 received a refractive ReZoom NGX1 IOL (AMO), Group 2 a diffractive Acrysof ReSTOR SA60D3 IOL (Alcon), and Group 3 a diffractive Tecnis ZM900 IOL (AMO).

Serous macular detachment in ocular toxoplasmosis: A review.

Ocular toxoplasmosis, a disease of the eye caused by the protozoan parasite represents a common cause of posterior uveitis. The Authors review the current Literature regarding the uncommon presentation of ocular toxoplasmosis as macular serous retinal detachment (SRD). It is imperative to keep in mind that inflammatory SRD is a possible presentation of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis.

Early antibiotics and risk for necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants: A narrative review.

While prompt initiation of antibiotics at birth due to concerns for early onset sepsis is common, it often leads to many preterm infants being exposed to treatment despite negative blood cultures. Such exposure to early antibiotics can impact the developing gut microbiome putting infants at increased risk of several diseases. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a devastating inflammatory bowel disease that affects preterm infants, is among the most widely studied neonatal disease that has been linked to early antibiotics.

Necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants-A defect in the brakes? Evidence from clinical and animal studies.

A key aspect of postnatal intestinal adaptation is the establishment of symbiotic relationships with co-evolved gut microbiota. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe disease arising from failure in postnatal gut adaptation in premature infants. Although pathological activation of intestinal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is believed to underpin NEC pathogenesis, the mechanisms are incompletely understood.

PARACENTRAL ACUTE MIDDLE MACULOPATHY IN GIANT CELL ARTERITIS.

Purpose: To describe a representative case and review the literature on paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) and giant cell arteritis (GCA).

Methods: A review of the English-language ophthalmic literature was performed using the search terms of PAMM, giant cell arteritis, and temporal arteritis.

Results: A 72-year-old woman with PAMM as the presenting ophthalmic manifestation of GCA was described with a review of the prior cases from the literature.

Clinical Reasoning: Wilbrand's Knee, Scotoma of Traquair, and Normal Tension Glaucoma.

An otherwise healthy 63-year-old woman was given a diagnosis of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) in the right eye (OD) 2 months before presentation. Standard computerized perimetry showed a unilateral right hemianoptic temporal field defect. On examination visual acuity was preserved, intraocular pressure was normal, there was a right relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) with an asymmetric cupping of the disc, but no pallor.

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Chiasmitis.

A 29-year-old girl presented complaining of acute bilateral visual loss associated with mild headache and retrobulbar pain. She was diagnosed with chiasmal optic neuritis caused by multiple sclerosis. Her visual acuity and visual field defect promptly improved after steroid therapy.

Effect of Various Preterm Infant Milk Formulas on NEC-Like Gut Injury in Mice.

Formula feeding is an important risk factor for the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. The potential harmful effects of different preterm formulas on the developing intestinal tract remain incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that feeding newborn mouse pups with various preterm formulas resulted in differing effects on intestinal inflammation, apoptosis, and activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NFκB.

Feasibility and acceptability of a diagnostic randomized clinical trial of bowel ultrasound in infants with suspected necrotizing enterocolitis.

We conducted a pilot diagnostic randomized clinical trial (RCT) to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of adding bowel ultrasound (BUS) to the diagnostic evaluation for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Infants ≤ 32 weeks' gestational age with NEC concern were randomized to undergo abdominal X-ray (AXR) or AXR + BUS. The primary outcome was study feasibility.

Unilateral Compressive Optic Neuropathy As the Presenting Manifestation of Clival Chordoma: A Case Report.

The optic nerve(s) may be compressed by a number of intracranial and intraorbital masses. Compression may be isolated to the optic nerve or may involve other intracranial or intraorbital structures with variable presentation. A 26-year-old man presented with complaints of progressive painless visual loss in the right eye for eight months.

Chronic lung disease in full-term infants: Characteristics and neonatal intensive care outcomes in infants referred to children's hospitals.

Objective: To describe characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors for death or tracheostomy with home mechanical ventilation in full-term infants with chronic lung disease (CLD) admitted to regional neonatal intensive care units.

Study Design: This was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of infants born ≥37 weeks of gestation in the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium.

Results: Out of 67,367 full-term infants admitted in 2010-2016, 4886 (7%) had CLD based on receiving respiratory support at either 28 days of life or discharge.

Corticosteroid response predicts bronchopulmonary dysplasia status at 36 weeks in preterm infants treated with dexamethasone: A pilot study.

Importance: A major barrier to therapeutic development in neonates is a lack of standardized drug response measures that can be used as clinical trial endpoints. The ability to quantify treatment response in a way that aligns with relevant downstream outcomes may be useful as a surrogate marker for new therapies, such as those for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).

Objective: To construct a measure of clinical response to dexamethasone that was well aligned with the incidence of severe BPD or death at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age.

Glaucomatous Type Cupping Caused by Internal Carotid Artery Compression: a Case Report.

A 71-year-old woman with a diagnosis of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) presented with complains of progressive visual loss in the right eye. Examination revealed features consistent with compressive optic neuropathy. Although brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was initially interpreted as normal, re-evaluation disclosed a compression on the right optic nerve from the right internal carotid artery.

Imaging for Diagnosis and Assessment of Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is inflammatory bowel necrosis of preterm and critically ill infants. The disease is seen in 6-10% of preterm infants who weigh less than 1500 g at birth and carries considerable morbidity, mortality, and healthcare cost burden. Efforts focused on timely mitigation remain restricted due to challenges in early diagnosis as clinical features, and available laboratory tests remain nonspecific until late in the disease.

Association of time of first corticosteroid treatment with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants.

Objective: To evaluate the association between the time of first systemic corticosteroid initiation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants.

Study Design: A multi-center retrospective cohort study from January 2010 to December 2016 using the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Database and Pediatric Health Information System database was conducted. The study population included preterm infants <32 weeks' gestation treated with systemic corticosteroids after 7 days of age and before 34 weeks' postmenstrual age.

A comparison of newer classifications of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: findings from the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium Severe BPD Group.

Objective: To compare three bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) definitions against hospital outcomes in a referral-based population.

Study Design: Data from the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium were classified by 2018 NICHD, 2019 NRN, and Canadian Neonatal Network (CNN) BPD definitions. Multivariable models evaluated the associations between BPD severity and death, tracheostomy, or length of stay, relative to No BPD references.