Mineralized Collagen Regulates Macrophage Polarization During Bone Regeneration.

The host immune response to bone biomaterials is vital in determining the fate of scaffolds and also the outcomes of bone regeneration. Mineralized collagen is an ideal tissue-engineering scaffold for bone repair; however, little is known about its immunomodulatory properties after implantation. In this study, extrafibrillarly-mineralized collagen (EMC) and intrafibrillarly-mineralized collagen (IMC) scaffolds with different nanostructures were fabricated and their immunomodulatory properties via macrophage polarization during bone regeneration were investigated.