Carotenogensis: A Historical Event of Primary to Secondary Adaptations to Earth's Oxygenation.

(1) Background: Oxygen has exerted a great effect in shaping the environment and driving biological diversity in Earth's history. Green lineage has evolved primary and secondary carotenoid biosynthetic systems to adapt to Earth's oxygenation, e.g.

Development and validation of single-step microwave-assisted digestion method for determining heavy metals in aquatic products: Health risk assessment.

A simple, rapid, and environmentally friendly microwave-assisted digestion method was developed and validated to determine heavy metals in aquatic products. The method could digest 640 samples using only one microwave digester in an 8 h working day. Only 2 mL of nitric acid was required to completely digest 0.