Unraveling the acute sublethal effects of acetamiprid on honey bee neurological redox equilibrium.

Understanding the off-target effects of neonicotinoid insecticides, including acetamiprid, which is the most commonly applied agricultural chemical, is crucial as it may be an important factor of negative impact on pollinator insects causing a number of problems such as colony collapse disorder (CCD) of honey bees. While CCD is known as a multifactorial disease, the role of pesticides in this context is not negligible. Therefore, it is essential to gain a deeper comprehension of the mechanisms through which they function.

Immunomodulatory properties of chicken cathelicidin-2 investigated on an ileal explant culture.

As the threat posed by antimicrobial resistance grows more crucial, the development of compounds that can replace antibiotics becomes increasingly vital. Chicken cathelicidin-2 (Cath-2) belongs to the group of Host Defense Peptides (HDPs), which could provide a feasible solution for the treatment of gastrointestinal infections in poultry. It is a small peptide produced by the heterophil granulocytes of chickens as part of the innate immune response, and its immunomodulatory activity has already been demonstrated in several cell types.

Pap12-6: A host defense peptide with potent immunomodulatory activity in a chicken hepatic cell culture.

In the fight against antimicrobial resistance, host defense peptides (HDPs) are increasingly referred to as promising molecules for the design of new antimicrobial agents. In terms of their future clinical use, particularly small, synthetic HDPs offer several advantages, based on which their application as feed additives has aroused great interest in the poultry sector. However, given their complex mechanism of action and the limited data about the cellular effects in production animals, their investigation is of great importance in these species.

Cecropin A: investigation of a host defense peptide with multifaceted immunomodulatory activity in a chicken hepatic cell culture.

Introduction: Host defense peptides (HDPs) are increasingly referred to as promising candidates for the reduction of the use of conventional antibiotics, thereby combating antibiotic resistance. As HDPs have been described to exert various immunomodulatory effects, cecropin A (CecA) appears to be a potent agent to influence the host inflammatory response.

Methods: In the present study, a chicken primary hepatocyte-non-parenchymal cell co-culture was used to investigate the putative immunomodulatory effects of CecA alone and in inflammatory conditions evoked by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C).

Investigation of the effects of T-2 toxin in chicken-derived three-dimensional hepatic cell cultures.

Despite being one of the most common contaminants of poultry feed, the molecular effects of T-2 toxin on the liver of the exposed animals are still not fully elucidated. To gain more accurate understanding, the effects of T-2 toxin were investigated in the present study in chicken-derived three-dimensional (3D) primary hepatic cell cultures. 3D spheroids were treated with three concentrations (100, 500, 1000 nM) of T-2 toxin for 24 h.

Molecular effects of intermittent stress on primary feline uroepithelial cell culture as an model of feline idiopathic cystitis.

Introduction: The most common cause of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUDT) is feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC), which is a complex multifactorial disease with symptoms including stranguria, dysuria, hematuria, and pain during urination. The development of these symptoms is often triggered by stress, and in case of chronic stress, these symptoms will many times return. One of the most important stress hormones in the pathogenesis of FIC is norepinephrine (NE), as persistently elevated level of this hormone can be measured in the blood of cats with FIC.

Modulation of the immune response by the host defense peptide IDR-1002 in chicken hepatic cell culture.

IDR-1002, a synthetic host defense peptide (HDP), appears to be a potential candidate for the treatment of bacterial infections and the consequent inflammatory response due to its potent immunomodulatory activity. This is of relevance to the emerging issue of antimicrobial resistance in the farming sector. In this study, the effects of IDR-1002 were investigated on a chicken hepatocyte‒non-parenchymal cell co-culture, and the results revealed that IDR-1002 had complex effects on the regulation of the hepatic innate immunity.

Detrimental consequences of tebuconazole on redox homeostasis and fatty acid profile of honeybee brain.

Excessive use of azole fungicides in agriculture poses a potential threat to honeybees and other pollinator insects; however, the detailed effects of these molecules remain largely unclear. Hence, in the present study it was aimed to investigate the acute sublethal effects of tebuconazole on the redox homeostasis and fatty acid composition in the brain of honeybees. Our findings demonstrate that tebuconazole decreased total antioxidant capacity, the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione and disturbed the function of key antioxidant defense enzymes along with the induction of lipid peroxidation indicated by increased malondialdehyde levels, while it also altered the fatty acid profile of the brain.

Luteolin: A Phytochemical to Mitigate Typhimurium Flagellin-Induced Inflammation in a Chicken In Vitro Hepatic Model.

The use of natural feed supplements is an alternative tool to diminish the damage caused by certain bacteria, improving animal health and productivity. The present research aimed to investigate the proinflammatory effect of flagellin released from the bacterial flagellum of serovar Typhimurium and to attenuate the induced inflammation with luteolin as a plant-derived flavonoid on a chicken primary hepatocyte-non-parenchymal cell co-culture. Cells were cultured in a medium supplemented with 250 ng/mL flagellin and 4 or 16 µg/mL luteolin for 24 h.

Feline Uroepithelial Cell Culture as a Novel Model of Idiopathic Cystitis: Investigations on the Effects of Norepinephrine on Inflammatory Response, Oxidative Stress, and Barrier Function.

Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is one of the most common urinary tract disorders in domestic cats. As stress is suggested to play a key role in the pathogenesis of FIC, the effects of norepinephrine (NE) as a stress mediator were investigated on a novel feline primary uroepithelial cell culture, serving as an in vitro model of the disease. The uroepithelial cells gained from the mucosa of the bladder of a euthanized cat were cultured for 6 days and were acutely exposed to NE (10, 100, and 1000 µM) for 1 h.

Immunomodulatory effects of chicken cathelicidin-2 on a primary hepatic cell co-culture model.

Cathelicidin-2 is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) produced as part of the innate immune system of chickens and might be a new candidate to combat infection and inflammation within the gut-liver axis. Studying the hepatic immune response is of high importance as the liver is primarily exposed to gut-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of chicken cathelicidin-2 alone or combined with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) on cell viability, immune response and redox homeostasis in a primary hepatocyte-non-parenchymal cell co-culture of chicken origin.

Protective effects of chicoric acid on polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid exposed chicken hepatic cell culture mimicking viral damage and inflammation.

Virus induced damage triggered by excessive inflammation and free radical production is a major threat in the poultry industry, leading to low productivity even in vaccinated flocks. The purpose of the study was to induce inflammation with the viral double-stranded RNA analog polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) on chicken primary hepatocyte - non-parenchymal cell co-cultures to investigate the immunomodulatory and cell protectant effects of chicoric acid (CA) in comparison to N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Poly I:C significantly elevated the activity of the cell damage marker, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the concentration of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IFN-α, IFN-γ and M-CSF) in the culture medium and decreased cellular metabolic activity.

Modulation of Hepatic Insulin and Glucagon Signaling by Nutritional Factors in Broiler Chicken.

Influencing the endocrine metabolic regulation of chickens by nutritional factors might provide novel possibilities for improving animal health and productivity. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of dietary cereal type (wheat-based (WB) vs. maize-based (MB) diets), crude protein level (normal (NP) vs.

The relationship between small heat shock proteins and redox homeostasis during acute heat stress in chickens.

As heat stress is a major emerging issue in poultry farming, investigations on the molecular mechanisms of the heat-triggered cellular response in chickens are of special importance. In the present study, 32-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were subjected to 37 °C environmental temperature combined with 50% relative humidity for 4 or 8 h respectively. Following sampling, redox parameters such as malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), protein carbonyl levels as well as glutathione peroxidase activity were assessed in liver, spleen, and kidney homogenates.

Two Sides to Every Question: Attempts to Activate Chicken Innate Immunity in 2D and 3D Hepatic Cell Cultures.

The liver with resident tissue macrophages is the site of vivid innate immunity, activated also by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) leaking through the intestinal barrier. As gut-derived inflammatory diseases are of outstanding importance in broiler chickens, the present study aimed to establish a proper hepatic inflammatory model by comparing the action of different PAMPs from poultry pathogens on chicken 2D and 3D primary hepatocyte-non-parenchymal cell co-cultures, the latter newly developed with a magnetic bioprinting method. The cultures were challenged by the bacterial endotoxins lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from , lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from and by enterotoxin (ETxB) from , Typhimurium derived flagellin, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) as a model proinflammatory agent and polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) for mimicking viral RNA exposure.

Fermented Wheat Germ Extract as a Redox Modulator: Alleviating Endotoxin-Triggered Oxidative Stress in Primary Cultured Rat Hepatocytes.

Bioactive compounds such as benzoquinone derivates presented in fermented wheat germ extract (FWGE) have several positive effects on overall health status of humans and animals alike. Since available data regarding the antioxidant activity of FWGE are limited, the aim of our study was to investigate its effects on the cellular redox homeostasis applying primary hepatocyte cell cultures of rat origin. Cultures were challenged to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment for 2 or 8 hours to trigger inflammatory response.